How did Soviet or other Communist Bloc media report on Watergate?

It seems like it would be a perfect propaganda opportunity, a demonstration that the moral claims of the 'free world' were largely hollow. Did official state media in the USSR or other countries pay a lot of attention to the affair? How did they frame its significance?

1 Answers 2020-07-23

Anti-Black racism in Ireland

This is quite a sensitive question, so I hope everyone can answer objectively.

My girlfriend, from the Southern US, has only ever been called the N-Word on
holiday in Northern Ireland, never in her homeland or the various other European countries she'd visited. I thought that might be a Protestant-Catholic thing and so not representative of the Irish majority (she said the Protestant areas had lots of Confederate Flags, while the Catholics saw themselves as having faced similar prejudice to African-Americans, with property requirements for voting, etc.)
But a German friend of mine who worked in south-west Ireland (Cork maybe?) told me that once she was walking along with a black co-worker and a gang of locals ran out and stabbed him, shouting the N-word (they didn't know him or anything, just a random hate crime).

And I have heard various other anecdotal evidence that anti-Black racism is quite bad in Ireland. I do recognise this is all anecdotal, so here's an article based on a survey: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/ireland-has-worrying-pattern-of-racism-head-of-eu-agency-warns-1.4032957

Interestingly, it seems the state actors are decent; unlike British police, who are often the main face of racism for Black Britons, the Gardai come out quite well. But overall people complain of more racism than in some other countries.

But this seems very strange to me.
The Irish never engaged in the African slave trade, they were never the people on top justifying their subjugation of others by dehumanising them. As people considered to be not really white by the British, I'd think there'd be a strong cultural push to oppose these kind of ideas. Whereas with racism in Britain, I understand more where it came from; ideas of cultural superiority, wanting to other your victims, blaming immigrants for social problems, etc, etc. I'm not necessarily saying Ireland has more racism than Britain, France, Italy, Spain, etc, but more that I'd expect there to be much less, and it doesn't seem there is.

1 Answers 2020-07-23

In the Greek and Middle Eastern Bronze Age, did tribes north of the Black Sea use bronze?

If so, where did they get it?
If not, what did they use instead?

1 Answers 2020-07-23

How was Matthew 5 28 understood historically

"You heard it said 'don't committ adultery.' But now i tell you whoever looks at a women with a lust has committed adultery with her in his heart."

I wanna ask here how is the historical interpretations of this passage.

Because i am confusing whether it is meant to say, if you look at a girl to be horny than you committ adultery.

However on second thought, maybe the statement said, if you look at a girl WITH THE INTENTION/DESIRE OF COMMITTING ADULTERY (STEALING THAT WHICH ISNT YOURS) then it is adultery.

I ask how did the early church fathers, different denomination, different priests/church fathers/religious leaders interpret this passage throughout world history.

Are there books/essays discussing this. How does other religion like judaism etc. view it.

And what would Jesus have meant exactly here.

Thanks.

Also i am asking it here so that i dont get an answer that is biased to any particular religion/ideology/opinion.

1 Answers 2020-07-23

When did...socks...become a thing?

Early Humans were running around barefoot, then at some point we had some kinds of basic shoes (sandal things?), and then later shoes/boots that covered the foot.

Somewhere in here, someone had the bright idea to sheathe their foot in something (modern day cloth/socks) in order to prevent all that rubbing/chafing of ankles and the wide bits just behind the toes, and we're forever thankful (wear shoes for a day without socks and find out real quick...)

...but where did this practice start? Did it start with cloth or did people use things like mud or the like? And how did it manage to catch on, and then to spread all over the world so prevalently as it has today?

(Was just a random question I stumbled onto throwing on my shoes sans socks to run outside for something real quick, and I started wondering where the idea of socks DID come from and how it's so universal today in much of the world...)

1 Answers 2020-07-23

Was there any sort of ascension ceremony for Chinese Emperors similar in intent or style to coronation ceremonies in European monarchies? What would the rituals or procedures be for a new monarch taking the throne?

With the understanding that this is a hugely broad topic, I'd love to learn about the specifics of any period and/or Dynasty's particularities as regards enthronement, but I'm most interested in the period from roughly 1100-1900. That's still hugely broad, I know--if it needs to be narrowed further, the situation for the Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan or Qing are what I'd be most interested in knowing about.

And although I don't think there were any similar rituals or plans for such things with the Taiping, maybe /u/enclavedmicrostate can prove me wrong and wow me!

1 Answers 2020-07-23

Best places to access peer reviewed articles?

So I recently graduated from University and wanted to keep up my research skills by answering questions on Ask Historians. I however no longer have access to my universities library database and I am unsure where to find material I can cite. I have tried google scholar but thats usually only good for finding titles and dose not typically have the full articles. I have tried my local library but I live in a small town and our library has limited resources. I also can’t afford to go and buy every book that might be useful. Suggestions?

3 Answers 2020-07-23

How do you choose a historical specialization (grad school)?

I'm not sure if this question fits this subreddit but it is a question for historians!

I'm in my final year of my B.A. in History and will be applying for my M.A. soon. I need to submit a statement of my research interests as part of the application, but I can't pinpoint what exactly I would want to focus my research on. Almost every type of history that I've taken courses in interests me. I'm having difficulty singling out a certain region or period that interests me the most. I know for an M.A. it doesn't need to be too specialized, but I still need to come up with a rough idea of what I find most interesting. I haven't decided yet if I plan to do my Ph.D., but if I do then I will need to specialize even further. How did you determine your specializations?

1 Answers 2020-07-23

Anywhere I can read about Southeast Asian history?

It being in the middle of two very influential cultures makes it seem incredibly interesting to me. I would appreciate any video or book recommendations. Thanks y'all!

2 Answers 2020-07-23

A 1752 map of Poland has an empty area south west of "Mohilow" (today Mogilev/Mahiliou, Belarus) labeled "déserts secs et arides", meaning "dry and arid deserts". That area looks green and fertile on satellite imagery, with both forest and farmland. Why it labeled desert? Did the climate change?

Source: https://www.euratlas.net/cartogra/pologne/poland_C2.htm

Edit: I misread the map. This "Mohilow" is on the Dniester, not the Dnieper. (Why do the two major rivers of Ukraine and Belarus have almost identical names anyway?) So this appears to be referring to Mohyliv-Podyl's'kyi, Ukraine, not Mahiliou, Belarus. Based on google maps this area still looks green and fertile albeit with about ~10-15% forest cover instead of 30-40%.

1 Answers 2020-07-23

Was fire weaponized during the Age of Sail (roughly 1570-1860)?

Ships of the era were almost entirely made of wood. Was fire recognized for its destructive potential in battle and was any weapon system developed for its delivery?

We know about Greek fire, an early form of napalm, used by the Eastern Romans and fire ships used during the Battle of Red Cliffs, for example. Ships’ armament was mainly smoothbore cannon, but would large-scale weaponization of fire have been effective in burning down enemy ships?

1 Answers 2020-07-23

Holocaust vs US slavery

Hey guys.

I’m a psych field worker who’s trying to gain more understanding of past history, and our current events taking place today. I have heard a lot of people bringing up a conversation of Holocaust vs Slavery when it comes to Americans wanting to remove all confederate statues. Having the argument of “if we remove it , it will happen again history history history”. I’ve tried to do some research to see what Germany is like post holocaust? What do they do to keep the holocaust alive but at the same time respect the victims? From what I have read, I had thought to believe that Germany is still relatively shameful? I’m just not aware of how they memorialize that time in history.

-keep in mind- Not comparing the two in any way. Not stating is more important than the other. Just trying to do what I do..aka critically think.. with the help of people who can give me tools to do so in an ethical way.

Cheers

1 Answers 2020-07-23

What made the Russian civilization so powerful?

Civilizations like Spain, Austria, Italy, Turkey, Iran, and Sweden had their brief time in the sun, but the Russian civilization has been a consistent mover of the world since the 1500s. Why is that so? What gave them such an advantage over their neighbors that Russian interest were always considered by their rival powers?

1 Answers 2020-07-23

A Role-Playing Game I got here says that, in the late Heian Period, the japanese noble class became so incompetent that they didn't have the necessary knowledge to issue new currency, and that led to... generally bad times. Is this true?

The full quote goes:

In the closing years of the Heian period in Japan, the noble class was paying the price for generations of introspection and for their failure to properly attend to administration. For years, they had focused on courtly intrigues and had cultivated pleasures at the expense of their government duties. The ministers of the Imperial Court had become so incompetent that by the year a.d. 1000, they no longer had the knowledge needed to issue new currency. The existing supply of coins gradually shrank, and much of Japan turned to barter economics.

At the same time, the security and prosperity of the Empire was suffering. Bandits wandered the countryside, making travel between settlements hazardous. Leaving home at night was considered a foolhardy act. Crops failed, or were simply not distributed to the hungry cities. Waves of famine and disease struck the Empire.

The game in question is the tabletop RPG Usagi Yojimbo, from 2006. On a semi-related note, I quite like this game and intend to play it, but if anyone could point me towards a better one for setting, that would be great! I'm not really after anything too indepth, it's more about the general feel and basic setting of the time period than serious studies.

Thanks anyway!

1 Answers 2020-07-23

Why did the Nazis consider Slavic peoples to be inferior?

I know that racism is pretty stupid and doesn't really have any reason other than prejudice, hatred, etc. But the reason why I ask this question is because I at least can understand why they would consider different races or outside Western culture to be inferior. Even if it's indefensible it was a feeling that most European countries shared.

But on what basis did they consider Slavic people, and Russians specifically, to be inferior? They are part of the same race, they share the same European identity and have historically engaged in Western culture. Russia specifically has contributed greatly to the Western canon in literature, Classical music, etc.

I know racism is irrational but I can't see the basis on why they considered them inferior. At least in other cases you can pinpoint different race or totally different culture, etc as a reason why europeans in general considered other people to be inferior.

Or was this just a Nazi rethoric and lame excuse to justify taking their land but they didn't really believe it? I think this could be possible.

1 Answers 2020-07-23

How many people new the earth was round?

I know that people did know the world was round before Columbus "Discovered" the new world but I have always wondered how many people knew that did the average french peasant know the earth was round, or did the people in places like east aisa, africa or the Americas know it? Also if they didn't know at that time when did it became common knowledge?

1 Answers 2020-07-22

The video game Assassin's Creed Valhalla will feature same-sex relationships for its Viking protagonist. Is this historically accurate or simply a case of media taking liberties with history?

2 Answers 2020-07-22

Did other priests go to battle?

In Viking Age fiction Catholic priests and Norse seers often accompany armies into battles to fight or at least demoralise the enemy. Is this accurate and did a similar thing happen in other religions? I heard about warrior monks in East Asia (playing Ghost of Tsushima) but don't know how accurate that is.

1 Answers 2020-07-22

For hundreds of years, the Trojan war / Illiad / City of Troy were thought to be ancient myths and fiction. Then in the 1870s they actually discovered the ancient city of Troy. What was the reaction to this among historians and was there a lot of disbelief/push back?

I always found this fascinating. I believe Greek Mythology including the Trojan war was always seen as fantasy/fiction in our modern era. Then as discussed in the 1870s they actually discovered Troy in Anatolia. I notice that a lot of American scholars (Clovis first for example) are very reluctant to admit they were wrong about the populating of the Americas as new evidence comes out.

Was the reaction similar to when they discovered Troy? Did people flat out deny it? Did people accept it with open arms? Did people freak out that it was actually real?

1 Answers 2020-07-22

Was Stalin really hesitant to mount a full scale defense at the beginning of Barbarrosa?

I read recently, from a not-so-great source, that in the first hours of Germanys invasion of the Soviet Union that Stalin was hesitant to mount a full scale defense. The source goes on to state that Stalin was so confident that Hitler would uphold his end of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact that he was convinced that the attacking forces were German generals gone rogue, thus causing Stalin to hesitate in case the invasion had been initiated with-out Hitlers consent. Is this true? Was Stalin really so sure of Hitler that he waited to fully push back? If this has already been answered I apologize and would appreciate a link to said answer.

1 Answers 2020-07-22

Crowns and kings in battle

I have seen that there are many types of crowns for royalty. My 2 questions are:

1: Are the different types of King crowns "purely esthetical" or can different types of a king crown symbolize different things?

2: If there where kings physically participating in battle or war, could/did they have different crowns for going into battle than they wore at official events and so on, if they wore their crown? (If they had more than one crown of course"

I have been trying to do research on this but cant seem to find any good answers or sources for this.

1 Answers 2020-07-22

trying to replicate pre-columbian chocolate drinks: what might "xocolātl" have tasted like?

i would like to try making a mesoamerican-style chocolate drink in as close to an authentic style as i can.

apparently, traditionally it was made mainly with cocoa beans, chili peppers, and corn meal. it is likely that the cacao beans/nibs would have been fermented and the corn nixtamalized, but i am not sure of this.

when i look around online, invariably it says the drink would be bitter, spicy, and quite unpalatable to modern tastes. the mesoamericans did not cultivate cane for sugar, i am told, and the only sweetener that would have been available would be honey. europeans who were introduced to chocolate thought it was disgusting, but some acquired a taste for it after a while.

is it true that mesoamerican chocolate drinks would have always traditionally have been bitter and unpleasant? agave and stevia are both new world plants, and while stevia is more localized to south america, agave at least would have been available in the general region of central america, and can be cooked down to a very sweet syrup. honey would also have been available. maple sugar and maple syrup are native to north america, but it is unlikely central americans would have had access to it, as maple trees do not generally grow that far south.

if this is the case- that chocolate could have been sweetened- might some chocolate have been a fermented alcoholic drink? traditionally the beans are fermented, and the pulp around them as well, in order to mellow and improve the taste. could the prepared drink itself have been fermented?

and what else could have been in chocolate?

vanilla is also a new world plant native to mexico, and was almost certainly used to some extent. one source i found claims that chocolate with vanilla was thought to be less healthy than plain chocolate, in europe once it was introduced there and sweetened with sugar.

ceylon and cassia cinnamon, now common in chocolate drinks, are native to asia and would not have been available in the americas at the time. there is a plant called canella, native to the caribbean, that is related but whether it would have been available, or used at all, is unknown to me. allspice would have been available, but i don't know if it would have gone in chocolate.

another additive that i have seen mentioned is the petals of the flowers of the flor de la oreja/orejuela tree. it supposedly lends a spicy flavor of its own and is still used in parts of central america to flavor coffee and other drinks.

annatto/achiote is known to have been used, mainly as a coloring additive.

what might an "ideal" modern chocolate drink using only ingredients available to central americans before the arrival of europeans consist of, using only things that would have been available to them at the time? i cannot find any definitive recipes or preparation techniques, only other people trying to approximate it the same way i am.

previous threads on this topic i have read through:

https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1djuwg/did_the_mayans_have_chocolate_in_500bc/

https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/5mtfz9/do_we_have_recipes_for_the_fermented_chocolate/

1 Answers 2020-07-22

What led to the end of Old Norse religion and traditions in favor of Christianity?

2 Answers 2020-07-22

Were servants in ancient Egypt “black”? Was anyone?

I know that “race” as we know it is a modern construct. I know that the Egyptians possibly would have resented being categorized that way. But I think we all know the real question here: If someone from modern times were to look at ancient Egypt, how would the population occur to them racially?

I’m very confused by this, and have been trying to understand for a long time as an African descended person. Their art isn’t very realistic, but very often times appears to show people who could be black. Like this painting: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/548576 The artist here seemed to feel the need to paint what looks like the servants and musicians as being much darker, while the women and children in the top left are lighter skinned. Looking at this you might think the ancient Egyptians DID care about race. But I know a german study was done recently on the genes of 151 mummies, which supposedly showed ancient egyptians were genetically closer to europeans than africans, but the study admits they were all taken from one site in middle Egypt so they may not be indicative of the whole society.

This art, as well as the genetic study makes me wonder if maybe upper class people and royalty had lighter skin?

What the hell was going on? Do we even know? Do we have any theories? If so, which ones hold water. Im really curious.

1 Answers 2020-07-22

Did Austria encourage immigration into partitioned Poland in the 19th century?

Historians, I am searching for context to family lore. An ancestor who lived in the Austrian sector of the third partition of Poland claimed that the family had come from Sweden and come upriver searching for farmland.

It makes no sense to me that a very poor family would go so far abroad. This family would have had no resources to travel. I am curious if the Austrian empire might have been encouraging settlement for some reason-- for example, handing out land grants-- so that poor people had a chance at a new start.

The area in question is Zembrzyce, between Krakov and the Slovakian border. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zembrzyce). My ancestor lived in the late 1800s. It's not clear how far back in history he was referring, but I'm assuming one or two generations.

1 Answers 2020-07-22

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