I am currently looking at a lot of journals on physiology from the first half of the 20th century. I was surprised to find that most, if not all, of the members of the editorial boards of these journals were from the journal's home country, or countries for the Scandinavian journal. However, today many of the journals, such as Acta Physiologica and the American Journal of Physiology, have editorial boards with a much broader international composition.

So if somebody could illuminate when and why this change happened, either for scientific journals in general or for specific fields of science (not necessarily physiology), I would be very happy.

I understand that Napoleon moved his armies through Spain to invade Portugal, but was that just a pretext to have his armies strategically positioned to invade Spain?

And what did he want to do with Spain, make it part of France?

I'm wondering about anything they said, regardless of whether they gave real responses or strawmanned or manipulated the discussion in some other way.

It seems many kings and rulers during the enlightenment and dark ages always made sure they had a biological child take their place. The Japanese royalty and shoguns also seemed to always have a biological child take their place after death. Why did the Roman Emperors so rarely have a large number of biological children so it was more likely their child would take their place?

I shocked my cat trying to pet him, and I realized that he must have no idea why sometimes when I reach out to pet him it hurts a little for a sec. I can tell he doesn't like the sensation.

This got me thinking, though, what in the world did ancient peoples think was going on when this happened? It's such a bizarre phenomenon when not understood, and endlessly fascinated me as a kid. I can only assume there's some interesting stories about guesses as to the cause of the unique sensation.

I've read that at Joan of Arc's posthumous rehabilitation trial, someone said they heard from someone who heard from the executioner that Joan of Arc's heart and entrails remained after the rest of her was burned and that when he then tried to burn the heart and entrails, he was unable to do so and thus they were thrown into the Siene. Does anyone know if this was the only account of Joan's heart and entrails not burning or if there were others? If there were other accounts saying this, how many were there and how many came directly from witnesses instead of third-hand like the one I mentioned? Did word of Joan's heart and entrails not burning or supposedly not burning spread around the general public between the time the rest of her was burned and the time the rehabilitation trial started?

Obviously Czechoslovak industry and military equipment made up a huge chunk of the German war effort in the early years of the war. What if that was turned against the Germans during the Munich Crisis? Could Czechoslovakia bloody the Germans enough to prevent their own collapse?

Not sure if this is the right sub for this, I apologize if I’m in the wrong place. I’m trying to find what a typical medical student’s class load looked like, as in what each year might have studied. For example: when did they begin to do labs and watch in a operating theater - right away in Freshman year or later?

I’ll take basically any other information I can get my hands on as well. Classroom settings, dormitories, student life, teaching styles, etc...I’m specifically researching Canadian schools but honestly American is fine as well. Europe was so far ahead that it won’t really be too helpful though!

So far, google hasn’t been too helpful. UNMC has a very short page about curriculum in 1900, not particularly full of information. I’ve been able to locate a few photos of what a campus looked like In Toronto and read the entire history of the University of Toronto.

Thanks in advance if you’re able to help!

EDIT: I am happy for information presented in any media type - online articles, books, documentaries, fictional movies, anything! The Knick TV show is the closest I’ve found so far haha

He seems to have been a forerunner of many ideas that became prevalent during the early 20th century.

I tried to google this question, but for some reason I could only find numerous articles giving the percentages of "Southerners" that owned slaves. I would like to know the percentage of the US as a whole.

With the recent events going on around the world the cival war and the confederate flag have been a hot topic lately.

Can anyone really explain the true meaning behind the flag and how the war really was started in the first place?

All the people in the defense of the flag I'm hearing is because the war wasn't started due to slavery it was taxation and the flag is a heritage purposes.

From what I learned was the war was actually started due to slavery laws and the flag to me is a constant reminder of in fact that.

My biggest comparison is you don't see Germany proudly flying nazi flags around. They acknowledge their history and shown it in museums where they belong not in public or streets where you are constantly reminded of hate. Why don't we follow this?

Related questions: Why are the names of classical music pieces just bland descriptions? When and why did artist start putting evocative names to their music? Did the ancients and medievals name their music?