When is the first time the American public was able to find out Franklin Roosevelt was in a wheel chair?

I've seen maps where most of Arabia was either empty or tiny tribes like Najd or Jabal Shammar until the early 1920's. Why did it take so long to colonise the desert when the tribes have been living there for thousands of years when the Moors and Egyptians settled fine in North Africa?

After the Emancipation Proclamation was issued how was it implemented or enforced on a State or local level? In modern politics the actual "on the ground" implementation of new legislation or executive order is often left to bureaucrats in various departments. Was there a federal department issuing rules/guidance to the states? Was it just punted down to the state level and everyone had to figure it out for themselves? What do we know of the actual logistics of putting this into practice?

I'm reading Diplomacy by Henry Kissinger and in the second chapter about balance of power, he writes this :

The first was the war of the Austrian Succession from 1740 to 1748. in it Prussia was joined by Franz Spain Bavaria and Saxony which in 1743 switched sides, while great Britain supported Austria. In the second world war - the seven years war, from 1756 to 1763 - the rules were reversed. Austria was now joined by Russia France Saxony and Sweden, while great Britain and Hanover supported Prussia. The change of sides was the result of pure calculations of immediate benefit and specific compensations, not of any overriding principle of international order.

I don't get how the populations were convinced for each of these wars their side and cause was the right side and cause. In the modern world, I can't think of nations going to war without convincing it's people of the righteousness of their cause.

Could anyone give me more context about what the people thought of the machinations caused by the balance of power?

I am conducting research of a specific soldier who served in the British Expeditionary Force in France. I have one of his letters he wrote to his sisger dated to February of 1916. How would I go about finding his military service records if possible? I have his name, division and address of where he sent it from, sisters name and her address.

Did people jn the West know about the Holocaust as it was going on?

ie, when did people realize that planets like mars and Venus were earth like bodies that was made of matter, and that stars are like the sun? and what did people think planets and stars are before that realization?

As a student I don't have much knowledge on specific US history, but FDR gets referenced a lot, especially when discussing the Great depression.

I also hear about his New Deal Programs and the wonders they did for the American people during the Great Depression. Most of my knowledge on him have to do with that event in particular and hold the former president in high regard.

But I'm not sure how biased of a look on how the president was overall this is.

Was President Franklin D. Roosevelt really an exceptional president?

Whenever I am watching a video or documentary about WW1, when they get to the part about Italy’s entry, it’s usually just “Italy entered the war and was annoying to the central powers” but I also remember once reading something, I forgot when and what, about the Austro-Hungarian Empire having to put 80% of their troops on the Italian front. I’m not sure how true it is though, and if it actually was a significant factor in the defeat of the central powers. So, how significant was Italy’s role in WW1?

From my limited studies, although more complex it appears in layman's terms like so: the Romans liked and therefor copied Greek society and then exported that culture to their conquered lands throughout Europe-- essentially the indigenous to these lands would thereafter be regarded as Roman citizens.

I know that after the fall of Rome, Greece technically continued the 'Roman' tradition-- but I've been wondering whether or not the Roman tradition was still carried on throughout Britain, Spain, etc after the immediate collapse of the Roman Empire, and then sort of petered out into Feudalism as the decades progressed? I can't imagine that as soon as the collapse happened, that anarchy trended and all of those civilizations and societies collapsed and everyone within them slaughtered. I know that, in the case of Spain, the barbarians took over; but I've always pictured the barbarians coming in and wrecking some havoc, claiming the country for themselves, and then society sort of continuing on as it had before until it gradually became feudal.

Culturally enforced gender roles contribute to which parts of one's personality are developed and which are repressed. Depictions of medieval women often show them as flighty and sentimental. Many depictions of men show them focusing on wedding off their daughters, with much less emotional attatchment to daughters than sons.

I was hoping to be connected to texts which would explain how much of this was common and to what extent personality and characteristics of medieval women differed from that of medival men and of contemporary folks.

It just seems fascinating that a whole people nearly disappeared and we thought they were fictional until the 1800s or so.

I know that later Romans really revered Alexander, and used to visit his tomb to pay tribute. I think it was Caligula (or Nero idk) who stole his breastplate because he was so obsessed with the guy.

They were embroiled in the Samnite wars for much of his reign, but did they know about the Greek conqueror forming an empire, and did they have any fears that he would come for them next?

Some of these colonies started as trade posts that expanded over the centuries, but many were sponsored and planned from an originating Greek city. If this was the case, what would be the factors that would motivate potential colonists to become new citizens of these founded cities.

In the case of the thirteen colonies, most of the founding populations came from either political (and religious) dissension in the New England region or those wanting to make their riches in the colonies in the Chesapeake Bay region. Are these the same motivations that would move Archaic populations around the Mediterranean 2000 years earlier?

I am trying to find achievements of Islamic society in the realm of science. However, all I coming up with is mostly that they translated Greek classical work into Farsi/Arabic. One related claim is that without Muslims the Greek work might have been lost.

Is there a definitive list of substantial scientific achievements during Golden age of Muslim rule?

I'm primarily interested in why these smaller countries chose to join the war and what did they stand to gain from winning. I'm also interested in the lesser known theater of wars (Eastern front, African front, Asian front). THank you in advance!

"Viking" religion seems to share a lot of interesting features with ancient Hinduism and Zoroastrianism. Of course, since they are all Indo-European, they should share a lot in common. But, some features seem to be uniquely Indo-Iranian except for the fact that they appear in Nordic cultures as well.

Some examples:

• The Indo-Iranian deity Indra is a thunder god who seems to have much more in common with Thor than with his Greco-Roman counterparts. This includes their reputations as warriors, and their dragon-slaying.

• The Asura/Deva distinction of Hinduism and Zoroastrian deities is arguably reflected in the Aesir/Vanir distinction of the Norse gods.

• The Nordic god Tyr seems to be suspiciously similar to the Zoroastrian Tishtrya (later known as Tir), having similar names and similar roles in agriculture and fertility.

Controversially, the Nazi's believed that Germans were actually descended from "Aryans", or rather "Iranians". While I don't put any stock in their theories or methods, I am curious as to why the religions seem so similar in these specific ways. Especially since so many cultures that existed between northern Europe and India/Iran don't seem to share the same features.

The quote is specifically about pre-Columbian Native American religion (I ran out of characters or else I would have specified in the title). The book is Ken Cushner's Human Diversity in Education. Seems like an extremely broad claim and the writer says some questionable things elsewhere so I am somewhat doubtful of this.