Did they see them as strange small less intelligent humans? Or did they properly recognize them as a type of animal completely separate from mankind? Did racism play any role in how they saw them?

I realise that the above was from anecdotal interviews, but my question is more in the line of: is there good information on how the different German regions were seen militarily, both within Germany and by their opponents?

Each time I've heard references to it, it seems like it was was limited to Europe. I was wondering if it spread beyond Europe and what its impact was.

Also: What is the origin of the term 'Dark Ages'?

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I note that there is a lack of notable, if at all, natural philosophers during that time, as opposed to Ancient Greek or medieval Islamic world where you can throw a stick and most likely hit a natural philosopher. Most Roman philosophers seem to focus on Stoicism or political philosophy. Was there no patronage? Or did the political and social structure of the time not support a dedication of time to study something which has little "impact" (why do we care that the earth revolves the sun, etc.) to everyday lives?

Edit: I'm hoping for a bit of perspective on pre-1600s Europe please. :)

To expand upon the question, the idea I have always learned was that there are important dynasties, e.g. Zhou dynasty, Yuan dynasty, Tang dynasty etc., and that these periods of unified government have frequently collapsed into numerous, fragmented states, such as the Three Kingdoms, the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Northern and Southern dynasties and so on. I have always assumed that these fragmented states viewed themselves culturally as "China", but how long has that actually been the case? Did it start with the Qin dynasty and not exist with the Shang and Zhou?

The second part of my question is related. Did states go to war with each other and conquer each other without the desire to have the Mandate of Heaven? Did states resist the concept of being "Chinese" historically? What kind of evidence do we have of cultural divergence and the development of state identity? Chu, Nanyue and Western Xia come to mind as having cultural uniqueness, but I at best have a fuzzy picture of their relationship to the dominating dynastic regimes of their times.

Do apologise if this isn’t the right place for a question like this I just thought while it is not the usual type of question it might be of interest to lots of people here.

I finished reading a book regarding the Cuban missle crisis. The book was written by the historian of the JFK library, and it was very interesting. However I still don't have a really good idea of how close the world came to a nuclear war.

If the U.S. had invaded Cuba, would the Cubans have been able to launch the Soviet nuclear missles?

There was an incident where a Russian sub thought it was under attack and almost launched a nuclear-tipped torpedo at a U.S. warship. The story goes that one out of the three Russian commanders on board the sub refused the launch, and so they didn't because they needed unanimous agreement. How sure are historians that this account is accurate? If a U.S. warship had been blown up by a nuclear torpedo, would the U.S. have responded with a nuclear strike on Cuba?

I have heard they were pretty modest for their time....is this true?

Old movies and especially cartoons love to show people tied to railways. Was this a legitimate thing or something made up by storytellers?

I've just finished reading Thucydides, Xenophon, Donald Kagan's series about the Peloponnesian War, and several others, but now I'm having trouble finding anything covering the period between that and Alexander. Anyone have any recommendations? Looking for both ancient sources and modern histories. Thanks!

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Was there a difference between the horse a light calvary might use vs a heavy cavalryman? Was just learning about the different types of horses and got me thinking. Thanks in advance.

As a CA resident watching many friends and family flee the wildfire, only to have their property destroyed, it makes me wonder how the Native Americans who historically lived in these same regions survived such all-consuming fires?

What techniques did the have to avoid being incinerated?

How did they thrive in a post-wildfire landscape?

How badly in general did they affect these tribes?

Are there any spiritual traditions that reference great fires?

*beat the allies

Obviously resources that went toward killing Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, political adversaries, etc. could not be put toward fighting the war.

How much of an impact did this diversion of money, man power, weapons, and supplies have? If they had no desire to carry out genocide could those extra resources have changed the outcome of the war? Did the obsession with "purifying" Europe come back to bite them?

I know the pass was to narrow for calvary to effectively charge the Greeks. But couldn’t the Persians simply use a battering ram or any type of siege equipment to break the line? Once there’s a gap in the line the Persians could then flood it with heavy infantry.