Linton Heathcliffe for example is in his late teens/early 20s and is described as being weak since birth. Frequently is it suggested he is unlikely to live past 20 years. What is Brontë basing this on? Catherine Linton/Heathcliffe dies from supposed "brain fever". Would a contemporaneous reader have thought this unlikely or would this have been accepted as a normal phenomenon. How did people think a person died? Were there common diseases killing people in there 20s, 30s and 40s that was at that point unknown?
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I know that Japanese Americans ended up in camps during World War 2, but I was wondering whether other Americans from Axis allied countries faced discrimination as well.
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Did they intend to coordinate with the soviets? Was a target list ever prepared? Did the USAAF spare German cities from bombardment to preserve them as "test cases" in the way cities in Japan were?
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I'm an American so my country isn't the best example but as far as I know pretty much all of Europe developed a country wide or region wide language. When looking at Asian or especially African cultures I found it strange there were so many completely different dialects around. Is there a historical cause for these differences in language development?
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Hallo everyone, I want to learn more about Scandinavian and Germanic mythologies. What all books, epics, etc could be useful to me? Can I get a PDF of them?
Also, I have some questions:
If the Jotunn are personification of evil, why many Æsir have marriages with them? Odin's mother was a Jotunn. https://odindevoted.wordpress.com/2013/06/28/mother-of-odin-bestla/
How much does skyrim depict the life and culture of Scandinavians? Is there an alternative to it?
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Hi fellow historians,
This is my first post on Reddit. I was wondering if history could be characterized as a science. I'm a dutch history student and I'm using this question as a thesis for philosophy of science. For this paper I'm using George Orwell's article "What is Science?" and Bertrand Russels book "The Scientific Outlook". Do you guys have a specific thought on this question and what literature/texts are belonging to your thought? I'm looking forward to your answers!
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What is the historic accuracy of leather laced sleeves on a gambeson? I know they often had slits under the arm for ventilation, but a warrior is also unlimely to be stabbed there. For leather laced sleeves it creates an issue if the maille is breached. However, I see it implemented into a lot of gambesons available in stores and none of them really comment on this. Were leather laced sleeves really a thing or just a practical update to make gambesons more customizable for customers?
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Most things I have read about horse archers portray their ability to avoid hand to hand fighting through mobility while hitting the enemy with ranged fire, whether it was against enemy infantry or enemy cavalry.
Is the above true? Were horse archers consistently able to avoid hand to hand fights or were they caught more often than portrayed by enemy cavalry or infantry?
If "1" is true, why did the use of horse archers decline? I understand that greater infantry firepower could hurt horse archers. But against enemy cavalry, if "1" was true, horse archery would be superior to wheellock pistols and muzzle loading carbines used by 17-18th century cavalry (which from what I understand were considered difficult to use from horseback) and also superior to early 19th century cavalry that seemed to only use a handful of ranged weapons.
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Some more specific questions (feel free to address any or all, or some that I couldn't think of):
Would the people of native descent still call themselves Aztecs?
How well were they integrating into Spanish society?
What were the things they disliked most? Were there any things they liked better?
What did they understand or blame regarding disease?
How did they balance their religious views with the new Christian views?
It seems like the whole world changed for them relatively quickly, and I'm curious to know if they resisted it, accepted it, or faked compliance while nurturing their old ways of life.
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I know the culture in Europe in modern times is that a meal isn't complete without some form of meat, but what would the average peasant eat when meat wasn't always readily available?
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I'm a historian in training myself, but this is an anecdote I could never really pin down: my father was telling me that in Poland in 1981, when there was a looming threat of potential Soviet intervention shortly prior to the imposition of martial law in December, he (late teens back then) remembers going out and taking down or otherwise covering some roadsigns outside the town he lived in back then.
If they were afraid of a foreign invasion, I get the thought process, though I don't know how genuinely effective this would have been, but is there any precedent to this or writing about similar phenomena that you guys have come across? Thanks.
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And a sneaky follow up: Was this a preemptive plea to the United States for aid? I'm aware of both the lend-lease program and of the "special relationship" between the US and the UK, but what level was this relationship at in spring/summer of 1940? At this point of the war, was the US seen as a probable allied belligerent, or merely someone who could give some sort of aid to the British/French/Soviets?
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I'm from Australia and we eat a lot of lamb. Travelling in the UK there was a lot of lamb. I recently read that Americans only eat 1.1 pounds of lamb per year on average. Further reading indicates that sheep farming has declined significantly in the US since the 1940s. I assume it was once a popular source of meat. Are there historical reasons for the decline in sheep farming and consumption?
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I decided to pack the bare essentials, and learn every language I would need to peacefully talk my way out of a bind. What languages did I learn?
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I am conducting some research on my grandfather, who was a German Jew who escaped Germany and eventually served for several years in the British Armed Forces. He did not become a British citizen until 1947, however.
I am just curious as to what he would have been classified as. I have found this source from the BBC, that reads:
Internment of civilian nationals belonging to opposing sides was carried out in varying degrees by all belligerent powers in World War Two. It was also the fate of those servicemen who found themselves in a neutral country.
At the outbreak of war there were around 80,000 potential enemy aliens in Britain who, it was feared, could be spies, or willing to assist Britain's enemies in the event of an invasion. All Germans and Austrians over the age of 16 were called before special tribunals and were divided into one of three groups:
- 'A' - high security risks, numbering just under 600, who were immediately interned;
- 'B' - 'doubtful cases', numbering around 6,500, who were supervised and subject to restrictions;
- 'C' - 'no security risk', numbering around 64,000, who were left at liberty. More than 55,000 of category 'C' were recognised as refugees from Nazi oppression. The vast majority of these were Jewish.
The situation began to change in the spring of 1940. The failure of the Norwegian campaign led to an outbreak of spy fever and agitation against enemy aliens. More and more Germans and Austrians were rounded up. Italians were also included, even though Britain was not at war with Italy until June. When Italy and Britain did go to war, there were at least 19,000 Italians in Britain, and Churchill ordered they all be rounded up. This was despite the fact that most of them had lived in Britain for decades.
Thousands of Germans, Austrians and Italians were sent to camps set up at racecourses and incomplete housing estates, such as Huyton outside Liverpool. The majority were interned on the Isle of Man, where internment camps had also been set up in World War One. Facilities were basic, but it was boredom that was the greatest enemy. Internees organised educational and artistic projects, including lectures, concerts and camp newspapers. At first married women were not allowed into the camps to see their husbands, but by August 1940 visits were permitted, and a family camp was established in late 1941.
That many of the 'enemy aliens' were Jewish refugees and therefore hardly likely to be sympathetic to the Nazis, was a complication no one bothered to try and unravel - they were still treated as German and Austrian nationals. In one Isle of Man camp over 80 per cent of the internees were Jewish refugees.
More than 7,000 internees were deported, the majority to Canada, some to Australia. The liner Arandora Star left for Canada on 1 July 1940 carrying German and Italian internees. It was torpedoed and sunk with the loss of 714 lives, most of them internees. Others being taken to Australia on the Dunera, which sailed a week later, were subjected to humiliating treatment and terrible conditions on the two-month voyage. Many had their possessions stolen or thrown overboard by the British military guards.
An outcry in Parliament led to the first releases of internees in August 1940. By February 1941 more than 10,000 had been freed, and by the following summer, only 5,000 were left in internment camps. Many of those released from internment subsequently contributed to the war effort on the Home Front or served in the armed forces.
I do not know if he had been interned in a camp and eventually released to fight, all I know is that he only became a British citizen in 1947.
My question is: did serving in the British Armed Forces automatically make him a British citizen, or could he have served as a 'refugee'?
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