During the high middle ages the Shia Caliphate/Fatimid Caliphate was located in Egypt and with it the majority of Shia Islam & its powerbase. At the same time the Sunni Caliphate/Seljuk Sultanate was located in Persia/Iran and with it alot of the Sunni powerbase.

In modern times we see the situation is reversed with Iran being the centre of Shia islam while Egypt is sunni with shiites being less fortunate in the region.

How did this transition happen? How did Shia islam move to the location of the Sunni centre and vice versa? How did they completely swap locations like this and how long did it take?

What evidence do these so called holocaust deniers give when questioned about why they think it never happened or that the numbers are exaggerated? Is there any truth in this?

I know Otzi the ice man was found with tattoos. But how exactly were they put on him? Was it common for ancient Europeans to have tattoos?

What is the difference between ritual murder and human sacrifice as scholars define it? How did Romans draw the line and why?

Did fingernails and hair stay naturally limited somehow?

I watched a few interviews he did and he was very charismatic and made a lot of good points

what are your thoughts?

Maybe this is more of a cryptography question, but seeing as there's no /r/AskCryptographers: how was it done?? I couldn't even imagine how to begin working out something like that.

It seems counter-intuitive to me that Winston Churchill would have been voted out of office at the end of WWII. He had just shepherded Great Britain through an incredibly difficult period and emerged victorious. Why then was Clement Attlee elected to Prime Minister at the end of the war?

In watching a WWII movie recently, I was reminded by how many bullets were fired from aircraft, fighters and bonnets alike. Is there any evidence of those bullets that didn't hit their intended targets, falling to the ground any causing any damage?

Did they go to white schools, black schools, or neither? Or was it dealt with on a case-by-case basis?

I'd also be interested in hearing answers about Latin Americans, but particularly interested in Asian Americans. Also, was treatment different based on where in Asia they were from (Indians vs. East Asians, for example)?

Apparently, the great heathen army transported horses 60 nautical miles from east anglia to the northern part of anglo saxon britain.

William the conqueror also springs to mind. Transporting horses across the english channel.

Then there were the conquistadores, who brought horses all the way to the americas.

So what evidence is there for how this was done? In absense of it, is there conjecture from those that have read into the subject?

When preparing for the invasion of Russia, did any of Napoleon's generals think that the invasion of Russia was a bad idea?

Once the invasion was underway, did any of the generals argue with Napoleon's strategy?

Let's assume I'm a Mediterranean pirate in 67BC.

From what I've read, Pompey instituted a program when he was trying to wipe out piracy after the sacking of Ostia earlier in the year; this program allowed pirates to turn themselves in and become land holders in Rome. What benefits did this confer? Were they offered citizenship in addition to a pardon? If I were a pirate, where would I go to take advantage of the offer? How could I be sure I wouldn't just be crucified after I turned myself in?

As a follow up, what were the job prospects for a retired pirate? Pirate hunter?

At the time of his death Germany was less than a month away from capitulating, US forces had taken Iwo Jima and most of Okinawa. He knew about the completion (or near-completion) of the Manhattan project. Did FDR know before he died that the Allies would be victorious in their unconditional surrender of all Axis powers? Surely the writing must have been on the wall by then, and post-war plans must have been ironed out for the most part at Yalta.