How did Europeans not know of the existence of America, considering they knew about Greenland?

According to Wikipedia Pope Nicholas V gave instructions to send a bishop to Greenland in 1448, just 44 years before Columbus (re-)discovered America. This doesn't make sense to me. Did the pope know about Greenland but the knowledge was not wide spread? If so: why? I'm assuming the norse settlement of Vinland had been forgotten by then (It hadn't existed for approximately 400 years). But if at least some people in Europe knew about Greenland, why didn't anyone get the idea to explore further from there? Its only 35km from the north of greenland to the next big island, Ellesmere Island.

1 Answers 2022-01-31

Would the Nazis have killed disabled veterans?

Disabled people were one of the minorities targeted by the Nazis for “extermination,” whether through murder or forced sterilization.

Of course many German soldiers would have come home disabled, losing limbs, confined to a wheelchair, etc.

Would the Nazis have targeted them in a pogrom? Would they have been spared because their “defects” were not due to genetics? Would they have been celebrated for being veterans, or shuffled away in favor of veterans not permanently injured?

1 Answers 2022-01-31

Does scientific progress really progress because of war?

It is a truism that science progresses because of war, but I have my doubts. Certainly military technology maybe ( Maybe not, I’m sure military research continues in times of peace) but what of basic research? I can’t imagine there is much money spent during warfare in topics with no military value. Combined with all the potential lost by people who die, economies destroyed etc. Is war good for general scientific progress or not?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

Did ancient cultures have teams that represent cities like modern day sports?

I'm aware that ancient cultures would have battles and jousting and such, but how did they pick someone to route for? Did you route for a team or a person from your hometown? Was there merchandising around different knights or teams or something?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

Given that the Japanese name for the country is Nippon, where did the western world get the name “Japan” from?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

Hearing music in your head is a common experience nowadays. Has this been the case before music recording was invented?

I've been wondering this for a while. If you talk to some people and ask them whether they often have music playing in their head, some of them will say yes. I know this is especially true for people with ADHD, and likely for people with other neurodevelopmental disorders too.

Before the invention of recording music, music was always tied to places, people and instruments. If you heard music, you could walk up to the source and point out the people playing their instruments. A violin shaped object plays violin-like sounds, pianos play piano-like sounds, etc.

Nowadays, music can play from almost anything anywhere. In the case of speakers, there's at least a source you can point to, but the music has lost all of its context. No matter if the music you're listening is a recording of a band, an orchestra or just an individual playing the piano, it's all coming from the same device.

Headphones and earphones lose even more context, any music can be played anywhere, and it sounds as if it's coming straight from within you. Outside of concerts and such, music is much less tied to people, instruments, venues, and other such contexts.

Because of this, I hypothesised at some point that music getting stuck in the head might be caused by the fact that music is available anywhere at any time.

Because of this, I am very curious whether this phenomenon has gotten more prevalent in modern times were listening to all kinds of music in practically any situation or location is viable.

Are there any/many accounts of music getting stuck in one's head pre the invention of music recording?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

Why did Joseph McCarthy believe George Marshall was working against the interests of the United States / as a communist ally after the war?

I obviously know very little about this situation but I only know vaguely of the fact that George Marshall was an early target of McCarthyism. I thought Marshall was mostly known for working to keep Communism from spreading beyond what we now call the Eastern Bloc, I thought McCarthy would be in support of that work?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

What roles would be present on a late-19th century expedition into Mezoamerica?

Hi :) First post here, so apologies if my format's a bit unusual.

For a story I'm writing, the protagonist, an archaeologist (an actual archaeologist, not a tomb-robbing antiquarian- no Heinrich Schliemann here), is undertaking an (unsponsored) expedition into an area similar to Mezoamerica to look for lost cities, on the behalf of a British Empire-esque state (for the moment called Albion; I might change it later). This is a Miyazaki-esque steam/dieselpunk setting (think Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind), so amongst other things the protagonist must maintain the upkeep of the zeppelin he owns for the purposes of the expedition, which will be undertaken by air until they reach the likely area according to his maps, whereupon they will embark upon foot to search the jungle.

I'm wondering at the moment what sort of roles he would need amongst his hirelings- I'm trying to be as realistic as possible here. The Lord Carnarvon-equivalent sponsor would be absent, as the protagonist is acting as his own sponsor. So far, I have;

- Airship crew (already flashed-out, no problem); protag (captain), cook-soldier, engineer, navigator, helmsman. All fine.

- Artist/Photographer? I can't think which would be more suitable for the time period, in scientific circles; a sketch by a good artist might be clearer than a black and white camera of the period- I'm no expert. You are XD

My question (sorry for rambling rant) is whether the above role is suitable, and which other roles would be expected. Any questions that you have, I shall be happy to answer.

Thanks! : )

1 Answers 2022-01-30

Would German soldiers have particularly feared fighting in Southern Russia? (Schindlers List)

In the 1993 movie "Schindlers List", there is a scene in which the main protagonist, Oskar Schindler, is trying to get his Jewish accountant, who is about to be deported to an extermination camp, off a train. I believe that at this point of the movie, the year is 1943. In trying to do so, he demands to know the names of a German sergeant and a clerk unwilling to assist him, threatening that he can guarantee that they "(...) will both be in Southern Russia before the end of the month. " This intrigues me; why would Schindler specifically threaten these two with Southern Russia, instead of the Eastern Front in general?

Or, rephrased into a proper question:

  1. Would there have been a reason for German soldiers to particularly fear fighting in Southern Russia in 1943 compared to the entirety of the Eastern Front?
  2. Which sections of the Eastern Front saw (relatively) the most and the least fighting during 1941-45?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

A lot of people ask why Austria never became part of Germany. I am more curious: why didn't Germany become a larger Austria?

"Germanic people's" were always there. But the nation of Austria existed well before Germany. Why didn't Austria slowly expand and absorb the Germanic city states? Seems with very similar culture, language, religion (usually), it wouldn't have been that hard?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

The gospels make it very clear Jesus was conceived during the reign of Herod the great, who died in 4 BCE, how did early christian scholars overlook this fact when calculating the birth of Jesus ?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

For most of the Shogunate periods, the Japanese Emperor was a nominal figurehead who didn't exercise administrative power. Were there any Emperors who tried to take a more active role in politics? If so, what happened?

I'm particularly interested in cases (if they exist) in which an Emperor attempted to assert his authority over a Shogun in order to enact policy that they agreed with, trying to take a more "hands-on" approach to policy. Or if an Emperor ever actually tried to "fire" the Shogun of his own accord for doing things the Emperor didn't like.

I don't know of an example, but my suspicion wold be that the Emperor would be condescendingly ignored. I'm also curious what the public perception of such an Emperor would have been; my understanding was that politics was regarded as "beneath" the Emperor, and so taking a role in administration would have been seen as undignified or embarrassing for him.

1 Answers 2022-01-30

What is the context behind country musics shift from the collectivist type attitude of the 50s and 60s, to its conservative hyper masculine lean from the 70s onward?

In short, what environment/events caused country music to stop being about cowboys, small town ballads and taking care of your farm and to become about drinking beer driving trucks and general conservative values

Thanks alot in advance, apologies to mods if there are any formatting mistakes or things of the like.

1 Answers 2022-01-30

Sunday Digest | Interesting & Overlooked Posts | January 30, 2022

Previous

Today:

Welcome to this week's instalment of /r/AskHistorians' Sunday Digest (formerly the Day of Reflection). Nobody can read all the questions and answers that are posted here, so in this thread we invite you to share anything you'd like to highlight from the last week - an interesting discussion, an informative answer, an insightful question that was overlooked, or anything else.

2 Answers 2022-01-30

"Getting to the border" is a common trope of American heist movies. Was there ever a time when crossing the Mexican border, or leaving the country generally, actually did offer a way to get away with crimes? If so, when did that stop?

As a follow-up, is that a uniquely American trope or did it exist in other countries too?

5 Answers 2022-01-30

Why are so many famous Arthurian knights, a Welsh story, non-Welsh?

Tristram is Cornish, Gawain and the Orkney Clan are Scottish, Lancelot, Ban, Bors and Galahad are French. Yvain is son of Uriens, a king from Gorre, which is often put in Scotland too - and in that case is even weirder, since the Owain ap Uriens of legend is Welsh.

Wouldn't it make more sense for this story about the "britons" being pushed to Wales by the invading "anglo-saxons" feature more of their main guys from Wales?

2 Answers 2022-01-30

What did pre-industrial ship crews do if they lost a main mast while at sea?

Be it in battle or due to a storm. What did the big ships of the past do if they out at sea, unable to raise the sails or with anyone around to tow them?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

What happens to prisoners of a government that falls?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

How impactful was the introduction of StG 44 during the war?

A lot of people talk about how important this gun was from a design perspective since it became a template for assault rifles, but how impactful it was in the war itself? Were the regiments who used it simply became unstoppable forces or no StG 44 was only important on a design level and paving the way for future guns?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

It seems obvious to people now that women should have the right to vote, but the 19th Amendment received 89 Nays from the House and 20 Nays from the Senate (and many abstained). What were the arguments AGAINST allowing women to vote?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

Did Etruscans and Samnites had their own writers and poets? Were there any works of litersture produced by this people? If not, why was this the case?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

Why Britain and France hadn't conquered Egypt and Maghreb till late 19th century?

Didn't they have enough incentives to subjugate Egypt (for economic gains) and Maghreb (for eliminating perennial piracy)?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

Why were Romania and the Ottoman Empire hostile toward each other?

Admittedly, I need some insight into this for an Assassin's Creed fanfiction. It's set during Vlad the Impaler's reign in Wallachia, and it follows mostly Turkish contract killers. (Shout out to any other AC fans in this sub!)

Anyway, did the rest of Romania happen to distance themselves politically from Vlad in any way? I'm aware that his MO was impaling his enemies and torturing Sikhs, the latter I do believe were part of the OE if I'm not mistaken.

I just need some background to make the plot stable.

2 Answers 2022-01-30

Why are last names important? Why is going by last names considered formal? there any historical context around last names?

I understand the whole "Tell each other apart" and the concept of family names but there has to be more to it right?

1 Answers 2022-01-30

Were the Roman's as early as the late Republic not only aware of but knowledgeable on the arctic circle and the North Pole?

I was looking to do some reading by Cato the Elder and came across and interesting book or treatises written by himself and another by Varro on Roman farming. While I was reading through the treatises I came across a very interesting and perplexing passage about the Arctic and North Pole. Varro Is discussing farming in various regions and mentions the north pole and the arctic where even the sea freezes over. And that the arctic doesn't receive sunlight for 6 months out of the year. This really and I mean really Struck me as odd as the North Pole wasn't technically "discovered" until 1908. I'm sure people were aware of it far before that, but that far back in the late republic with that much detail? My instincts are either that it was the translater adding modern context to what and assuming what Varro was speaking on or whether the Roman's were this knowledgeable on the arctic region. I have provided a link to the text it is in Varro's Rerum Resticarum Book 1 section A paragraph 4. https://gutenberg.org/cache/epub/12140/pg12140.html PLEASE HELP ME MY MIND CANT HHANDLE THIS

1 Answers 2022-01-30

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