u/sunagainstgold touched on this in their excellent answer on sexual violence in the Middle Ages. I thought that this was distinct enough to merit its own question.

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My question is, broadly, what were the consequences for soldiers who raped and / or sexually assaulted people (civilians, prisoners, or other members of their own military) during the two World Wars. I'm aware this is a very broad question, so here are some more specific ones I'm particularly curious about:

• If a German soldier on the Eastern front raped a Soviet citizen would he be in trouble for rape or for race mixing? Or both? Or not at all?
• If the rape was male on male, would the authorities of the time consider this worse due to the homosexual aspect of the crime?
• If rape wasn't explicitly a war crime, what were those rapists who were punished (assuming there were any) convicted of, and under what rules?
• I know the Duke of Wellington punished looters and rapists during his campaigns in France and Spain in order to gain the support of the local populations. Did the armies of the two World Wars use the same rationale?

I've been wondering about the Puerto Rican independence movement: how popular was it historically?

like it doesn't seem to be at all popular compared to statehood today, but was this always the case?

I know that the US government subverted and strangled the Puerto Rican independence movement during the Cold War, including operations as part of COINTELPRO, but I still have some questions

1. was US government action really the death knell of the Puerto Rican independence movement, or was it something else?
2. was independence ever more or comparably popular to statehood, or was statehood always the more preferred option?
3. did foreign powers try and support independence in any way?
4. how much support did independence have in the mainland US?

Thanks in advance.

After looking into the Free Territories (Or Makhnovia) in Ukraine during the Russian Revolution, I found that many regions were, in fact, money-less societies. If the main idea was to end tyranny from governments AND exploitation of the workers, how was this maintained? What was to stop a person from forming a workplace which did not adhere to workers' self management and traded in currency?

I understand that the Free Territories were plagued by conflict, so there may not have been any systems in place for this purpose, much like how a judicial system was never established. But if that isn't the case, how was their economic system maintained?

Would their institutions be recognisable to us as "democracy"? How did the nobility react to having to share power and status with lowborn leaders?

I was wondering if the effects of radiation had been documented in ancient cultures. For example, in Hiroshima after the atomic bombings, there was talk of an “atomic plague”. I know that’s not really ancient, but that’s kinda the stuff I’m looking for. I know you take time out of your days answering questions on this sub and I really appreciate it. Thanks

Not necessarily artificial human, could be an artificial or even fake god /goddess

As far as I'm aware there are two candidates for this title. The first is IJN Haruna, the second IJN Ise. Both were sunk on the same day, but which one went down first?

I'm writing a short story and it takes place in the Pennhurst Asylum how would someone with Schizophrenia be treated?

Latin and Ancient Greek are two foundational languages to Western Civilization. With many foundational texts written in Ancient Greek and with Latin seeming to dominate written language from Ancient Rome to the Enlightenment. In grad school and in pursuing historical research, how useful are these two languages? Also, how do these skills appear to Phd program admission boards?

To modern historians how useful is reading ability in these two languages?

I’m writing a book that’s set in the 1960s, (1968 to be exact), and the character just travelled to Europe. Would restaurants, vendors, etc accept the American dollar, or would there need to be a change in currency, and if so, what was that process?

Before the allied invasion of germany did people know the holocaust was happening or was it a complete shock. And how did they react to the holocaust once it was public knowledge?

Today it strikes me as an odd set of circumstances that the greeks had several goddesses that participated in male-dominated activities, but still were severely discriminative and dismissal of women in most cities states. Is there some sort of explanation for that?

As a follow-up question: How did the British army model compare to the French and Prussian army models, and why did Chile not consider emulating the British model? How have the differences between the British, French, and Prussian army models affected the modern British, French, and German armies?

I've read the book Uncle Tom's Cabin, many years ago in fact and for the life of me I can't figure out why "Uncle Tom" is a pejorative. He's described as a mature, adult "man's man" who covers the ground walks on. He's the hero of the book who is murdered for helping other slaves escape. So why is "Uncle Tom" a slur?

Was it just a matter of convenience or a lack of suitable alternatives? Were the dangers really well understood or was there a dissent about how dangerous it was? I understand that it was apparently not used in large scale piping but only in smaller pipes inside a household or such but I still wonder about that.

And related to that: How much further back than Vitruvius can we go to see if lead was considered dangerous? Was it known in the Classical Greek era? In the Hellenistic Era? How about knowledge and usage outside of europe and the mediterranean?

During The Great War the German Spring Offensive or Kaiserschlacht had a great advantage.

The allies were tired and depleted. The Americans weren’t ready. The Germans had more men, guns and planes.

So why did they fail?

We hear a lot about the Mayans and Aztecs and the Incan empire existing before the Europeans arrived but we don’t really hear that much about North America, as in the modern 48 United States. Was that area pretty much occupied by hunter gatherers or were there any civilizations?