Why were softer jaw lines preferred in the past?

I've been viewing the MET Gallery collection online (Covid cabin fever), and noticed that most of the glamorous actresses, aristocracy, and subjects of art all have soft, round jawlines. This seems to be fairly consistent in western art spanning back as far as I'm aware.

It's not just plumper women in general for example this late 19th century photo of an actress with a very slim figure but noticeably soft jawline. The Mona Lisa is another example of a soft jawed/ double-chinned woman and this seems to go back to the greeks as-well.

My question is when did this change? The beauty standard for western women (in real life and in art) is undoubtedly that of no double chin and a jawline that could cut diamonds. Even our famous modern plus-sized models like Ashley Graham and Iskra Lawrence have a strikingly tight jawline.

When did this change, and why?

1 Answers 2021-02-05

When it was first created, did people treat capitalism with the same distrust as they now treat socialism?

And if so, how did it manage to become the mainstream economic theory so quickly?

1 Answers 2021-02-05

How cooperative were Africans in the African slave trade?

What I mean was there are several ways it could go down, for example, I would imagine that a few of them tried to disrupt it, but then I heard that Africans sold people into the slave trade.

This raises the question of what was the African POV of the Atlantic slave trade?

1 Answers 2021-02-05

Are the chinese claims that 'hanbok is chinese' correct?

Ive seen different people say different things. Many people say that hanbok is entirely from ming dynasty influence (I wont deny the clothes for government purposes such as the king, court, etc)

however ive also seen claims that china had taken influence from goguryeo clothing and that the hanbok's features were already existing before joseon. there are murals that show the clothing of the different three kingdoms of korea. what is the truth?

1 Answers 2021-02-05

Was there commentary at the time of the American revolution that it was specifically a right wing insurrection?

1 Answers 2021-02-05

In what cases were open, pitched set piece battles preferred over sieges for a defending army?

I recently read about 16th century western european warfare that heavily featured sieges and almost zero set piece battles. This read in stark contrast to my readings of Caesar's and Alexander's campaigns, which feature plenty of skirmishes and battles quite removed from cities (not to imply that sieges did not happen).

So what are the broad circumstances in broad brushstrokes, that lead to defenders wishing to fight on open ground rather than hole up? What are the reasons that lead to sieges becoming more common / uncommon?

1 Answers 2021-02-05

What do historians believe about the origins of kimchi, and is there a scholarly consensus on it's place of "origin"?

Just curious, as I've been reading about the recent uproar and see that now Wikipedia (I know, I know) has its place of origin as "China". I've been looking for unbiased historical sources, but as with so many things in the region, it's difficult for the layperson to separate the academic from the political.

Is there any basis whatsoever to the claim that anything resembling kimchi originated from China? Or is it a uniquely Korean creation from start to finish (with, of course, the addition of New World peppers)?

Edit: its, dammit.

1 Answers 2021-02-05

How did ancient/medieval people explain the mechanisms of sexual reproduction prior to the discovery and understanding of sperm cells, egg cells, and fertilization? What did they think what was going on in a woman's body during pregnancy?

1 Answers 2021-02-05

Sumerian city KI.AN?

I don’t think this city has been identified, but I ran across its name several times while reading Ur III Texts from the Schøyen Collection, Jacob Dahl.

It’s also listed as one of the cities destroyed by Rimush of the Akkadian dynasty in R2:43 (Warfare and the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC, Hamblin, p. 79).

In a CDLI bulletin, “On the Sumerian City UBmeki, the alleged Umma” by Vitali Bartash (cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdlib/2015/cdlb2015_002.html) he says:

Cities and towns in which “Umma” tablets have been excavated, are Jokha (ancient Umma?), Umm al-Aqarib (Giš(š)a ?), Tell Ibzekh (Zabala) and possibly Tell Schmid (KiAN ?).

I can’t find much of anything about Tell Ibzekh or Tell Schmid; I did find Tell Ibzekh and Tell Shmid referred to in the index of The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East Vol 1 as being on its page 540, but that page isn’t in the google books preview so I couldn’t read it. I did notice that chapter was also written by Bartash, however. So Schmid was probably just a typo, but Shmid is not any more informative.

It seems like Zabala/Zabalam and KI.AN were both in the vicinity of Umma because I keep seeing them come up in the same texts, and KI.AN apparently had a temple to the god Šara, whom I’m casually researching.

Anyways, can anyone tell me anything about those two Tells, or anything else about these mystery cities?

1 Answers 2021-02-05

What did Russians drink before they had potato’s?

I know vodka is made from potato’s, and I know potato’s came from the Andes mountains. But there wasn’t a horticultural exchange between new and old worlds till the 15-16th centuries. Theres a lot of time before that, especially for an old nation like Russia. So my question is, what did they do about their favorite drink before they had access to potato’s?

Did they make vodka from other sources(cause would any carb do?) did they drink wine and beer like the rest of us and Vodka just really took off later?

Was always really curious but never knew how to phrase it to search online and felt silly asking a history teacher. Hope you can help

1 Answers 2021-02-05

"First Nations" is an unusually poetic name for an indigenous group. How did it come to be the official term for those peoples, ahead of something more clinical like "Native" or "Indigenous" Canadians?

It seems as though the norm for similar groups is usually something sober like 'Native Americans' or 'Aboriginal Australians' or 'Indigenous Peoples of (Japan, India, etc)'. How did Canada land on 'First Nations'?

2 Answers 2021-02-04

What was the Lingua Franca during the lifetime of Jesus?

If I were to go to a market near where Jesus lived, what languages might I hear and what was the lingua franca? What was the common language in Rome at the time as well?

1 Answers 2021-02-04

What is the consensus on the accuracy of Procopius' "Secret History", as compared to Wars and Buildings?

Obviously one can discount the more fantastic elements in which Procopius describes Justinian and Theodora as literal demons, but is there much corroboration for the historian's extremely negative views on how the couple managed the empire, their supposed cruelty, and their tendency to seize and waste all of the wealth of the citizenry?

1 Answers 2021-02-04

Were the Soviets more prejudiced on an ideological basis than racial?

The Soviets stand out to me in that unlike other large empires of the past, especially compared to the Nazis, the Soviets seemed to be less focused on race and more on ideology. As such, they've worked closely with many different groups including multiple European ethnicities, Asians from all over the continent spanning West to East, Arabs, Africans and even Latinos from Cuba and South America.

Hell, just look at how diverse the USSR actually was outside of just Russia spanning Eastern Europe and Central Asia with dozens of different ethnic groups and spoken languages.

The impression I've gotten is that the Soviets hate others more on ideology than they do race, mainly detesting those who go against communism (especially capitalists) or practice religion and culture heavily. How true is that overall?

1 Answers 2021-02-04

How did the Soviet Union cope with it's massive population loss after the Second World War?

It is no secret that the USSR took massive population hit in the Second World War, as around 13% of it's entire population didn't survive to see the end of the war.

Now, I wonder, did their government implement any measures in order to attempt to increase the size of the population? I've read somewhere that some Red Army soldiers went to rural villages and slept with the women there as all the men from that villages were killed in the war so there was no one left for the women to reproduce with(idk if this sounds weird or inappropriate for this sub).

Did the central government in Moscow actually do anything at all on that matter or did it just let the population return to it's pre-war numbers naturally?

1 Answers 2021-02-04

I’m making a short movie and the main character is an american wwii fighter pilot who’s stuck in the woods after surviving a plane crash. I need to get his costume/belongings at least somewhat accurate.

Would he be wearing a top gun style jumper? Or would it be two pieces? Could he believably have a paper map and compass with him? What kind of boots would he be wearing? Any gloves? I’m aware he needs the cap and goggles as well as some stuff on his chest. What all does he have on his chest?

Thanks for your time

1 Answers 2021-02-04

Were sharks "on the radar" as a danger to humans in the ocean before the movie Jaws?

Was there a general fear of sharks in the ocean for people on the beach, before the movie Jaws became a blockbuster?

I understand that the creator of the movie regretted the ill-will that the movie generated towards sharks.

1 Answers 2021-02-04

'29 Stock Market Crash. Where did the money go?

Explain where did the money that was lost in the Crash go?

Did this event create a few ultra-rich people?

1 Answers 2021-02-04

How many miles of front would an infantry divisions typically cover in WW2

To clarify what I mean I’m asking is how much space could a division set up security perimeter for and adequately defend? Obviously terrain and weather effects this a great deal but I’m just trying to imagine in my head what it looks like when it says a certain unit was assign to watch and guard a certain area

1 Answers 2021-02-04

What did English Canada look like prior to the Loyalists?

It is often said that English Canada was "created" when the American British loyalists migrated to Ontario/Quebec/NB to live under the empire. There were English settlements before that, but they are frequently glossed over with not much information on how they arrived there, their culture, population, communities, politics, dialect, etc. What was Anglo Canada like before the American revolution?

1 Answers 2021-02-04

What is the best resource for Knights Templar Information

I have been doing my family genealogy for a few years on and off and have come across a reference in my family history of the last name "Preston" or "Prestun" in Knights Templar documents. I have come across this statement or similar a few times.....

" The first recorded spelling of this surname of Preston was shown in the Records of the Knight Templars in 12th Century England. Peter de Prestun was recorded in the year 1185 as the first spelling of the name. "

Is there any known great websites where I can do some Templar research?

1 Answers 2021-02-04

Was Hirohito a war criminal?

Was he? There are people who say he is and isn't, and not sure who to believe.

1 Answers 2021-02-04

During the medieval period, what was the essential difference between a serf, a peasant, a commoner, a slave, a yeoman and a franklin?

I imagine there was a lot of regional and temporal variation relating to these terms, but I’m open to all answers

1 Answers 2021-02-04

Why did the port of Halifax and not the port of St.John's lead the Titanic Rescue operations?

I'm watching an amazon prime documentary about the aftermath of the Titanic sink and it talks about all the rescue efforts out of Halifax since it was the closest port but Newfoundland had many closer ones. Why wasn't it the boats and ports of Newfoundland leading the effort?

1 Answers 2021-02-04

In the 16th and 17th centuries, did the shipment of South American precious metals across the Atlantic have any effect on the gold-producing societies of West Africa?

1 Answers 2021-02-04

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