In the 'combustion' episode of QI it is stated that three quarters of those accused of Witchcraft in England were acquitted. How did this compare with the rates of convictions in the rest of Europe and was there much variation between or within countries? More details inside.

by intangible-tangerine

Here's the clip of the question.

Were there times and places in which it was particularly unlucky to be accused of witchcraft because the conviction rate was unusually high?

I'm interested in the any period since the end of the Roman era in which Witchcraft laws were in place. But most specifically the 14th to 19th centuries.

LionelOu

The worst place to be accused of witchcraft was undoubtedly in the Holy Roman Empire. Not only did they have the overwhelmingly most trials, roughly 50,000, they also had the most executions, roughly 25,000-30,000.

In most of the rest of Europe, the conviction rate was around 1/4 to 1/3. For example France had around 3000 trials which led to around 1000 executions. Southern Europe (Italy, Spain, and Portugal) had around 10,000 trials with 1,000 exections, making them the least likely to execute someone for witchcraft.

One reason for this large disparage in convictions is that in Italy, Spain, and Portugal the national inquisitions (for the most part) held sway over witchcraft trials. After a relatively short period trials of witchcraft were not done since most inquisitors refused to believe in magic.

In many other places, such as England, France, and Scandinavia the local courts tried their best to avoid witchcraft trials. However, in many cases they could not stand down when the local people was gripped by the "witch fever" and had to take on cases. Many did try to avoid executions if possible. Usually if the court did not allow torture on accused or witnesses it led to much fewer convictions.

Eastern Europe hasn't been as thoroughly researched yet, however it seems most areas had low conviction rates and few trials, around 7,000 trials in total with 2,000 executions.

There's a few possible reasons for the HRE being so high in both trials and executions. For example, it produced anti-witchcraft material, such as the Malleus Maleficarum which was published there in 1487. Another is that the HRE was heavily fractured into small duchies, princedoms etc and its Reichskammergericht did not have jurisdiction in criminal cases. Every local court had to handle the trials themselves, with no overall planning.

Overall, the number of trials are estimated at 80,000 with roughly 35,000 executions. Most of these trials took place during mid 16th century to mid 17th century. In the northern and eastern periphery the main period was in the latter half of the 17th century. By early to mid 18th century the witchcraft trials had mostly disappeared, with only a handful happening anywhere.

Before this time period there were almost no trials, since the church openly claimed that magic did not exist and if anyone believed it did, they "had been seduced by the Devil in dreams and visions into old pagan errors" (stated in the canon Episcopi). Many other areas had laws expressing similar ideas. It wasn't until the 14th or 15th century that witchcraft and magic in these senses became believed in Europe.

Source: Satans Raseri, Bengt Ankarloo. It's in Swedish, don't have any other source nearby. Though he has co-written other books in English about the same period, for example "Witchcraft And Magic In Europe: The Period Of The Witch Trials" Bengt Ankarloo & Stuart Clark.