The "Hours, minutes, and seconds" section of our AskHistorians popular questions wiki might be interesting for you. (see also: Calendars and timekeeping )

but all other measurements can vary among regions, such as distance, temperature, etc.

The vast majority of countries in the world use the same International System of Units, like metres, degrees Kelvin/Centigrade, grams, etc. There are only a couple of countries that do not use these SI units - and even their scientists use these standard units, for dealing with other scientists around the world.