There's a list of thirteen that have been executed since 1976 on this website. Here's a list of some women that are currently on death row (though it hasn't been updated to reflect that Kimberly McCarthy was executed).

EDIT: It seems like the table the first site has isn't very accurate. Wuornos killed 7 people and the site says one, and Barfield killed six and the site only says one (though she was only convicted of one).

Mary Surratt, as a conspirator in the Lincoln assassination.

From what I've read, most people didn't believe they would execute a woman, but they did.They even had a parasol for her on the gallows.

EDIT: Just saw your edit. Surratt was convicted by a military tribunal, so not the justice system per se. There have been other women sentenced to death and executed. It largely depends on the state the crime takes place.