This is a good question, albeit overly broad for our forum, and falls afoul of our "in your era" or trivia rules. This is because the answers to your question can span the scope as far as the fragmentation of the Roman Empire to the last days of 3rd Reich Germany.

However, this is a subject near and dear to my heart, and I can definitely say it is of great interest to political anthropologists and sociologists. So with that in mind, I'd suggest redirecting your question toward /r/askanthropology or /r/asksocialscience, which would be better suited to deal with such a broad request regarding the paradigms of general state collapse.

However, if you frame your question narrowly to a specific time period and geography, this question would be suitable to re-ask here in /r/askhistorians.