If one did surrender in that way, what would happen to them? Were they still treated as enemy combatants?
Nazi was a political party, soldiers who were also party members would be considered part of the ideological hard core group. For purposes of answering your question, can you specify if you mean German soldiers who were members of Hitlers National Socialist German Workers Party, German soldiers who were not Party members but were in the German Army, or soldiers from other nations who were either conscripted to fight for Nazi Germany, volunteered from occupied areas, or allied nations troops who were fighting in German campaigns.
Short answer: Yes.
Several german soldiers deserted to the USSR territory right before Barbarossa has started. In russian there's a word for that - перебежчик = deserter to another side, "runner-across"
For example, Obergefreiter Alfred Liskow swam across Bug river on eve of June 21st to warn Red Army about imminent attack - see [1]. He was actively working for Red Army propaganda - broadcasts to germans with calls to surrender, meeting with german POWs and asking them to collaborate. But he got into serious conflict with leadership of ComIntern and accused them in treason. Apparently ComIntern leaders like Manuilsky, Dimitrov and Togliatti had more weight, as Alfred has lost the struggle and was in turn accused of treason, found guilty and executed on January 15, 1942. He was acquitted very quickly, in June of 1942 - see [1,2].
Ernst Kutschera, a son of german communist, also deserted somewhere in between June 21st 21 PM - 2 AM, June 22nd. His father was later executed in Germany - see [3]. Ernst Kutschera even fought along with soviet border guards against his former comrades:
В очерке Т. Гладкова и В. Томина «Немец который брал Берлин» в котором речь идет о Фрице Шменкеле, Герое Советского Союза, имеются следующие строки: «Так в ночь на 22 июня 1941 года переплыл Западный Буг и сообщил советским пограничникам, что с часу на час начнется вторжение немецких войск, унтер-офицер Альфред Лискоф. В туже ночь на другом участке будующего Восточного фронта на территорию Литовской ССР перебежал еще один военнослужащий вермахта, сын рабочего-коммуниста (впоследствии казненного) Эрнст Кучера. Через два часа в составе бойцов погранзаставы, на которую он пришел, Кучера уже воевал против своих бывших «комрадов».
Rene Litt - soldier from 2nd company, 459th infantry regiment, 251 infantry division. Surrendered in 1943, right after arrived to frontline - see [4].
Sources
Wolfgang Leonhard Wer war Alfred Liskow, und was hatte er mit Dimitroff zu tun? // Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. — 2000. — № 278.
Russian - online page about Alfred Liskow, with photo and many details
Article Сигары Шееле для «Барона Дризена», in book (russian) Professional secrets of special services, 2001, p. 62
Rene Litt - protocol of interrogation. Scans are posted online