I'll try my hand at what I can recollect of terms from the era:

-Childbed - death of a mother during or shortly after childbirth

-Chrisomes - death of an infant after birth

-Dropsy - fluid accumulation in tissue. Many times the diagnosis was what we call today congestive heart failure.

-Flux - digestive disease, usually dysentery or something with similar symptoms

-Griping in the guts - I'm imagining abdominal pain of some sort. Possibly constipation or appendicitis?

-Impostume - an abcess/cyst/open infection

-Kingsevil - swelling of the lymph nodes, usually as a tuberculosis symptom

-Palsie (Palsy) - muscle paralysis

-Plurisie (Pleurisy) - Inflammation of the lungs

-Quinsie - I'm not quite sure of the real name, but it's something neck related. Perhaps goiter?

-Sore Legge - I would hazard as a sore leg

-Spotted fever - diseases associated with rash or discoloring of the skin

-Stone - Generally a bladder stone. One of the more agonizing ways to die, since the surgery was fairly barbaric at the time. If you're at all curious, Samuel Pepys had the surgery to remove his earlier in his life, and enjoyed carrying the removed stone around with him to show others.

Of course, this is based on my recollection of texts and a smattering of present-day medical knowledge. I'm sure others would be happy to contribute a more detailed list.