Unfortunately, I don't have any main sources to rely on details for.

Two main rebellions of note are Nat Turner's Rebellion in 1831 and John Brown's Rebellion in 1860. To quickly summarize, Nat Turner's Rebellion was a true, but small uprising in Virginia. The affair was ended rather quickly, but provided the impetus for Southern states to heavily strengthen slavery laws. John Brown's Rebellion was an attempt by a white preacher to free the slaves. He and a small band attempted to seize the arsenal at Harper's Ferry to equip a new slave army. Robert E. Lee was one of the federal troops responsible for quashing the movement. Despite little success in his rebellion, John Brown became a martyr for anti-slavery forces, heightening tensions just months before the Civil War.

I don't recall any more details, but I do believe the British also attempted to recruit slaves during their southern campaigns during the Revolutionary War, promising them freedom. Not exactly an internal rebellion, but it would give you another incident to research.

There have actually been numerous cases of slave rebellions occurring within the time period of 1776-1865. Most of the one’s we hear about are the obvious ones such as Nat Turner’s Rebellion, Denmark Vesey’s, and Gabriel’s Rebellion. Many people however forget to put in John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, German Coast Uprising, the Amistad seizure, and the exodus in 1776 just to name a few.

Nat Turner’s rebellion (1831) happened in South hampton county, Virginia where Nat Turner led an insurrection of slaves killing around 60 people (men, women and children). This wasn’t what Turner had initially intended as the group had apparently started to lash out at any white people they had come across. They did however spare poor white people as Turner believed they thought they were no better than the negroes. The revolt was suppressed within 2 days and around 50 were executed, but terror caused a backlash causing around 200 black slaves to be killed.

Gabriel’s Rebellion is a similar story but his plan never took root. In August of 1800 Gabriel intended on leading slaves into Richmond (I forget the reason). On the day he initially planned to lead the revolt, it rained and was postponed. This postponement was what led him to get caught as one of the slaves who were privy to the meetings got scared and told the Master of the Plantation. Gabriel along with his two brothers and 20 some odd followers were hung. This actually created a backlash amongst the black population as laws were created to restrict free and slave literacy, congregations, groupings and meetings in hopes of lessening the chance of another planned rebellion.

Denmark Vesey’s planned his rebellion around the 1820’s. An enslaved man from S. C. purchased his freedom and planned to instigate a rebellion. While he was in the midst of planning the act word had leaked out and he was caught. Just like Gabriel’s rebellion the uprising was stopped before it had even began to bloom. Vesey and his followers were executed. The retaliation by the South Carolina people was just as similar to what the retaliation was towards Gabriel’s rebellion.

John’s raid actually has a couple books written on it. As a radical abolitionist John attempted to start an armed slave revolt. He and 20 men seized a United States arsenal, but were soon defeated by Robert E. Lee and an accompaniment of Marines. A side note to this is John asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass to join him but both declined, one for personal reasons and the other because it was believed to fail.

The German Coast Uprising occurred in 1811 down in New Orleans. For some reason this account never gets much notice even though it is one of the largest uprisings. An estimated 500 slaves participated in this uprising starting in the sugar plantations. and moved towards New Orleans. It originally started small but they gained followers along the way. It was quelled quickly by state militia and the revolt only succeeded in killing 2 white people. (maybe why it doesn’t get too much attention??) One of the interesting factors leading up to this revolt though is the demographic of the area. Many of the slaves within the area were African and outnumbered the white population nearly 5-1 due to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This purchase included a large portion of spanish and creole speaking people. There was also an influx of free blacks coming from Haiti as well. This might have been a trigger for the uprising as these ‘minorities’ walked freely around them. This also put the governor in a vicarious situation as no other southern state had a problem like this.

The year 1776 is well known one for America; people associate 1776 with the declaration of independence, separation from Britain, etc. Many people don’t see it as one of the largest slave revolts in American History. During the American Revolution around 100,000 slaves fled, or died. The crown had promised freedom to slaves running from the masters. One such case was the British occupation of New York while 10,000 blacks switched lines. One problem might have been George Washington’s stubbornness as he barred blacks from entering or enlisting into the army (1775), though I’m not sure of his reasoning.

The amistad seizure is a great movie (The Amistad) and I suggest watching it. It’s a case where a spanish slave ship was overthrown by the slaves and were captured off the coast of the United States. They were tried in court but were defended by John Quincy Adams and were acquitted and returned to Africa. It’s an interesting case as it deals with international and domestic policies.