I am currently reading Scott Anderson's "Lawrence in Arabia", a terrific book so far.
In it, a part of Germany's strategy in the war was to create Islamic insurrection in the Near East. At worst, the other European powers are given another headache to worry about. At best, the Suez Canal is destroyed and supply lines are cut off.
How much did Germany's actions during the war affect Islamic upheaval in the course of history? And if it wasn't for Germany's manipulation, would we have as much Islamic upheaval today?
The categorically complete account of the German-Ottoman alliance, and in particular the German push for a declaration of jihad by the Ottoman sultan, is given in Mustafa Aksakal's Ottoman Road to War 1914.
The general point here is that Germany's thinking was a bit misguided in that the standing of the Ottoman sultan as caliph had severely diminished in terms of global influence. It is even arguable as to whether any sultan of the 19th or 20th century (save perhaps Abdülhamid II) truly wielded the office of the Caliph with much significant authority. At any rate, it's likely that some troops felt a bit more motivated because of the jihad declaration, but none of them did so simply because the Germans were also behind it. Where Germans were arguable more effective in their WWI assistance to the Ottomans was in advising their campaign against Russia. This includes, but is not limited to, advice on how to deal with rebelling Armenian populations (something German advisers had experience with when they carried out large-scale massacres in southern Africa not long before).
As far as whether German chicanery had any effect on "Islamic upheaval" today or at any point following WWI, I'd say it's next to nil. The prime colonial forces in the Middle East following WWI were Britain and France. And they'd have been there regardless of whether Germany took a special interest in affecting local politics or not.