Did it catch on quickly throughout Europe and were there competing names?
I was hoping this would draw more attention...
I'm not sure this is all that useful but here is an n-gram plot that shows the usage of "United States of America" in a corpus of books. It's interesting to see a sharp increase right around 1776.
N-gram frequency of "United States of America"
There is a similar pattern for "America."
Many frequencies may be "flukes" because of the phrase being contained within copyrights and such.
Hope it's somewhat useful!