Absolutely, and even in the early 1900s, too. Pox: An American History by Michael Willrich is a very readable book on the topic, and it's on Kindle, so you can get it right away.

If you don't want to buy a book, check out the "Contaigon" episode of NPR's Backstory radio podcast. Willrich has a great summary of a 1901 outbreak of smallpox in NYC that grabbed attention:

And they cordoned off this city block of tenement dwellings in the middle of the night, because they understood that the working people would be at home and asleep, hopefully. And they burst through doors demanding that everybody move into corners so that they could be inspected to see if they had, see the scars from a previous case of smallpox or had the visible vaccine scar on their arm.

And if they didn’t, they had to be vaccinated at once or they would be arrested. And it was just a really chaotic scene with mothers trying to hide sick babies from the health officials, with men actually brawling with health officials and police to prevent them from scraping their arms and rubbing the vaccine into their arms. It was a scene of almost extraordinary violence, all in the name of protecting New York City from an epidemic of smallpox.

Now, this was at the tail end of the anti-Vax movement. By 1901, the science was well-established, and resistance was all but limited to new immigrants who weren't familiar with the US.