Where did the idea that Nazism and Fascism are politically "right," whereas Socialism and Communism are politically "left" come from?

by TheJucheisLoose

This probably non-neutral, but nevertheless well-sourced article posits the notion that Hitler, Goebbels and the Nazis were, in fact, anti-capitalists and members of the political left, sharing much of their political platform with the Communists of their era. How much truth is there to that, historically? And, if it is true, where did this idea that Nazism/Fascism is "right-wing" come from, and why did it arise? Why have Communists and Fascists come to see each other as such polar opposites?

adimwit

Yes, they were anti-capitalists, anti-free markets and anti-communists. This is the point that tends to confuse people. Mussolini's Fascist ideology is generally the same except without the anti-Semitism. The system they established to replace Capitalism (but as an alternative to Communism) was the Corporate State which organized Labor and Capital into co-operating units. The corporatist system was inspired by the wartime cooperation and mobilisation efforts of various nations during the war, while at the same time inspired by communist revolutionaries. One of the key differences, as the article states, between Communism and Fascism was the fact that the Fascists did not eliminate the bourgeois but nevertheless they still despised free-market Capitalism (often referred to in Fascist works as Liberalism or Economic Liberalism).

There are a number of books or articles (both Fascist and Communist) that acknowledge the Marxist nature of Fascism to some degree. When Germany fell to Nazism in the 1930's, many books and articles were written by Marxists trying to explain why the Communists failed. In The United Front by Dimitroff, he acknowledges that the Nazis did everything that the Communists were trying to do, but they did it better and swifter than the German Communists. They beat down opposition groups, recruited Germany's youth, courted peasants and mobilised the urban workers politically.

Mussolini's rise to power was not so violent because the socialist groups in Italy caved in on themselves and split up, and many would go on to support Fascism. The Red Revolution was dead by 1921 with very little antagonism from the Fascists. Mussolini, and many others, acknowledged that Fascism had nothing to do with the failure of the revolution (yet many still believe that the Fascists violently suppressed it). In fact, during the revolution the Fascists supported many strikes. It was the International that unintentionally killed the revolution. When Mussolini came to power he began organizing Fascist labor unions while also starting a program to privatize many government functions. Despite this, the Industrialists rebelled against Fascism. By 1925, Mussolini was openly organizing strikes against these industrialists while also mobilizing the syndicalists (who had the ability to seize and run factories and plants without the managers and owners). He also openly encouraged anarchists and communists to strike. Eventually the industrialist gave in. In 1927, the Fascists established the Labor Charter, which guaranteed labor organizing as well as a slew of other policies like minimum wage and the 40 hour week. The Labor Charter (which established Corporatism) was a huge accomplishment and it contained some of the most advanced labor laws in the world at the time. This led to considerably acclaim from the Socialists, many became Fascists, while others openly apologized for opposing Fascism.

It's from this point on that we begin to see other countries begin to follow the Corporatist model and move away from the Liberal (capitalist) system. The Social Democrats in Germany began implementing corporatism well before the Nazis took power. In 1933, the New Deal in America established a fairly corporatist system (that was nullified by the courts). In Spain, the Rivera regime was corporatist (Rivera's son would go on to form the Falange). Much later, Vichy France became corporatist after the Nazis forced them to adopt a Labor Charter.

With all this considered, why is Fascism widely considered right-wing? One reason is because the Communists (at the time they were Stalinists) generally considered anything opposed to Stalinism as Fascistic. Orwell, Trotsky, Roosevelt, and many others were pinned with the fascist label by the Stalinists. But at the same time, the fascists themselves publicly claimed to be rightists (for the support of the banking and industrial interest groups). In Germany, Hitler touted the "free enterprise" of industry (a phrase which caught on in America with the National Association of Manufacturers). In reality, the Germans were heavily reorganizing and directing industry and labor. In Italy, Mussolini began claiming that the fascists had suppressed the 1920-21 revolution, as well as claiming to have single-handed stopped Bolshevism's advance in Europe. All of this propaganda was portrayed to the West, which led to considerable support in the form of loans. You can find a lot of information concerning this phase readily available on the internet (search for Henry Luce or Prescott Bush).