For those of you who have read it, I'm looking for a book like A Short History of Byzantium, except with Catholicism/Europe, obviously - and more of a focus on religious history.
It seems like most of the books in the list covered general history or specific things - like the Reformation, historical Jesus, separation of Christianity and Judaism.
I want a book books that discusses the following:
Development of the traditions and theology of the Catholic church
The Catholic Church's role in European history - Crusades, the Papacy and Royalty interaction, etc.
Religious history - Ecumenical Councils, split with Orthodoxy, Reformation, heresies
I apologize if this format or style is wrong...
Roughly, the time period I'm looking for is fall of Western Rome to maybe the Inquisition? If you need to narrow it down (by time or topic), then that's fine, but I'd prefer general stuff over entire books about one topic I realize this is an enormous topic and time period, so I'd happily accept recommendations that focus on specific issues, like the development of tradition/theology, the Councils, etc. I realize some books will have overlap; that's fine.
Edit: a single book that broadly covers ALL this information is fine, too :)
There are certainly some histories of the entire Church that exist, but I haven't read them so I cannot recommend one over another. For a history of the papacy, I like A History of the Popes by John W. O'Malley S.J. It is highly readable, and manages to cover the major issues and personalities of the two millennia of the papacy in under four hundred pages. Obviously some subjects are given very little detail, but overall the narrative captures the main inflection points for the papacy from its inception to nearly the present day.
Each of the other subjects you mention has volumes written about them. My own focus has been on the papacy in the 1930's and 1940's, and there are a few dozen books on just Pius XI and Pius XII. Perhaps others will recommend other texts that will either give you an overview or a case study.
You might want to check out Ronnie Hsia's The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540-1770 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), Ward Holder's Crisis and Renewal: The Era of the Reformations (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2009), or Carter Lindberg's edited collection, The Reformation Theologians (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2002). A key theme in all of these works is that, although traditionally understood as a period of Protestant Reformation, early modern Europe was an era of religious and confessional renewal in general.