There most certainly were. I am not familiar with all of them, but a professor of mine did provide a lecture mainly on the Kyoto Popular Front that gained some stride during the early 1930s. This Front, founded by art enthusiast and political thinker Shoichi Tateno, was aimed at introducing people to various social thought, primarily anti-fascist ones. Although heavy censorship did crack down much anti-fascist movements in Japan, the Kyoto scene managed to get by and passed on information through their editorial, 'Doyobi' ('Saturday' in Japanese). Have a look at Yuichi Sato and Christopher Goto-Jones for more information on this.

Despite the initial progress for more democratic means during the Taisho era in the 1920s, Japan plunged into hyper-militarism but was also split ideologically. Marxism and socialism were popular ideologies at the time and among every group there were differences, even if they were against fascism. Consequently any moves of a popular front against fascism or the war was futile. Hope this helps a bit.