The Early Modern period started in 1573 and ended in 1868 according to Mary Elizabeth Berry. The Modern period would have followed this. To give context, other than Ainu and Japanese peoples, there was also Korean and Chinese influence in Japan during the Early Modern period. The Dutch were the only Europeans allowed to stay in Japan by the early 1640's and were limited to the island of Dejima save for when they could travel to Edo periodically. The Modern period would have seen greater expansion of Europeans among others with the Meiji restorations taking place, as well as groups like the Chinese and Koreans who were already present. I'm not entirely familiar with the Modern period, I have better knowledge of Classical, Medieval, and Early Modern Japan.

Source- Japan Emerging, Edited by Karl Friday