Keep in mind reading this that things were relatively diverse, and that documentation of many of these beliefs is extremely limited.

Anyway, there were numerous views floating around. Pharisaic Judaism, the ancestor of (almost) all modern sects, seems to have had a similar thing as today--a vaguely defined afterlife, conflated with eschatology. The afterlife involved some sort of reward and punishment, but determining who exactly they believed had a "share in the world-to-come" is unclear, as is the extent to which this means afterlife. It's possible that Judaism at the time believed that the dead were (essentially) asleep until the resurrection, at which time the poorly defined reward and punishment thing happened. But it's definitely unclear--there may've been an afterlife pre-eschatology.

Whoever wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls was much more overtly dualistic. They had a more explicit good vs. evil divide. But with their intensely apocalyptic beliefs, I really don't know enough to say much about their afterlife.

The Sadducees were the resurrection-denying group. Sadly we don't actually have anything they wrote on the matter. We know they didn't believe in a resurrection of the dead. Exactly what they believed happened to the dead is rather unclear besides the fact that they weren't coming back.