So many interesting mythologies craft rich stories to explain the place in the sky of the sun and moon, yet it seems Abrahamic faiths don't put any interest in this, just acknowledging their creation at the dawn of the universe.
Is there a social, historical, or religious reason for this? Were there cultural norms that affected this in the ancient Levant or Sumeria?
A great deal of Jewish tradition seems to have been conceived as a counterpoint to the surrounding pagan traditions. For example, the prohibition on eating meat with milk seems to stem from a Levantine ritual of boiling a young goat in its mother's milk, and the holiness of the sabbath seems to be a counterpoint to the Babylonian belief that the sabbath was evil. In this context, the fact that the Jews differed with all their neighbors on the importance of celestial bodies is not surprising, and may well have been deliberate. Christianity carries through the same tradition, though medieval theologians did create a syncretism of the celestial spheres and heaven (see all of Dante's Paradiso).
The "seven heavenly bodies" are mentioned several times in the Quran. A noteworthy example would be the miracle of the splitting of the moon.