As a student, I toured several museums with Meiji Era art, from which I recall there being a division between 日本画 (nihonga - Japanese arts) and 洋画 (youga - Western arts). The Japanese arts schools practices the more traditional and popular forms of the late Tokugawa era - wood-cuts, scroll work and panel art. They subjects of the arts were blended and liberalized - more than traditional focused landscapes and figures.

The Western arts schools took up oil paints, lithography, ink sketching and the like. The Western arts were state funded and had western artists (御雇い外国人） teach Japanese artists. The Japanese artists schools began to blend the strong lines of traditional artwork and calligraphy with more western techniques on perspective, lighting, and shading - while the Western schools experimented with impressionism etc.

This is very rough, and I am by no means an expert. There is more information on wikipedia and the like. Tokyo Geijitsu Daigaku is probably the best place to look for an answer - they were at the core of the Western Arts movement.