Were there colors/dyes that were restricted to the Old and/or New World before the Columbian Exchange?
Mesoamerica had a red dye made from an insect called cochineal that became one of the most valued products in the Old World during the Columbian Exchange.
Logwood also allowed for a much faster way of dying black, rather than using indigo or woad. It was found in Central America. Cochineal replaced kermes and was supplemented by madder root, used for slightly more orange-reds.