Yes, there are. This is more a linguistics question, so you might want to ask on /r/linguistics, but I'll give you a prime example:

Some oceanic languages use absolute terms of direction that are primarily oriented to the island. So one of their primary axis of direction is 'landward or inland versus seaward.

Also of interest is languages that lack relative (left, right, front, behind) directional terms, and always use absolute terms (NSEW). This is true for some Australian languages. English is very used to thinking of North as the primary direction for orienting oneself, but other languages orient themselves differently. To give another example, for Mongolian the prime direction is South, and the terms for 'left' and 'right' derive from facing south and then saying 'east handed' for 'left' and 'west handed' for 'right'.