If I'm not mistaken, that was not his real name. His actual name was a Hebrew name (remember, he was Jewish). His name was Yeshua which is the name meaning the Lord. It actually means "Yahweh [the Lord] is Salvation." Translated to English Yeshua becomes Joshua. But, the bible wasn't translated directly from Hebrew to English. It was first translated to Greek. When the name Yeshua is translated to Greek the name becomes Iēsous. The English way of spelling this is Jesus.
So while I can't tell you weather or not his name was popular, I can tell you that no one ever addressed him as 'Jesus'.
Source: http://christianity.about.com/od/faqhelpdesk/f/jesusoryeshua.htm
Variations of the name 'Jesus' including Yeshu, Joshua, Yeshua, Yehoshua etc appear frequently in Hebrew Scripture and Jewish literature of the second temple period (530BC-70 AD)
Examples include Joshua ("Yehoshuah") of the book Joshua "sefer Yehoshuah" - the 6th Book in Both the Christian Old Testament and the Hebrew Bible and Joshua/Jeshua the High Priest who the book of Numbers informs us was in charge of rebuilding the Temple following the Babylonian exile.
If you search any Biblical index website for the variations, Jeshua, Yeshu etc you will get plenty of results pop up.