Was Jesus ever a popular name for boys among English-speaking countries (like how Jesús is for Spanish speaking countries)? If so, when did it stop being common and why?

No, there was never a period when "Jesus" was a common name among English-speaking countries, or really anywhere other than Spanish-speaking countries as far as I can tell. It is worth nothing that the various forms of the name Joshua (which was never particularly common until the modern era, except perhaps among Jewish communities) come from the same Hebrew name as Jesus: Yeshua/Yehoshua. However, the two names were transmitted along different etymological pathways, and I think the overwhelming majority of children in history named Joshua (or its variants) were named after the Old Testament prophet rather than after Jesus. There are definitely Biblical scholars in this subreddit who know more about the relationship between the names Jesus and Joshua than I do; hopefully one of them will drop by to clarify this point.

The intriguing part of your question to me is why, specifically: Why does Jesus only seem to be a given name in Spanish-speaking countries? It is surprisingly difficult to find reliable sources for this question. A rather weak and unsourced stab at an answer comes from Slate's Explainer column:

In observation of the commandment against misusing God's name, English and American Protestants have historically taken a more conservative view on religious names and reserved the name Jesus for the son of God. [...] On the other hand, Jesus has been a common first and last name in Iberian countries since at least the 14th or 15th century. For many Catholics from Spanish and Portuguese cultures, naming a child is considered a way to honor God rather than a violation of a commandment. (Similarly, Catholics differ from Protestants in their interpretation of the commandment against worshipping images.)

This sounds sort of plausible, though it doesn't really explain why Jesúses start ostensibly cropping up in the late Middle Ages. There are certainly major differences in Catholic and Protestant naming customs: a much more compelling example of that would be various versions of the name "Maria" as a middle/second name for men, which is common in Catholic countries like France (Jean-Marie), Spain (part of the name of many Bourbon kings of Spain), and Italy (many people), as well as German Catholic families (Carl Maria von Weber, Rainer Maria Rilke, Erich Maria Remarque). Yet no non-Hispanophone country ever had much of a tradition of naming its children after Jesus, for somewhat unclear reasons.

An appealing hypothesis I have seen bandied about on the Internet is that the Muslim conquest of Spain led to close cultural contact between Muslims and Christians, causing the latter to be inspired to name their children after their paramount prophet just as Muslims frequently named their children Mohammed. However, I can find no evidence at all for this theory. In fact, this excellent collection of various Medieval Iberian name lists contains not a single instance of the name Jesús (or variants) that I could find, stretching into the 16th century (contesting Slate's timeline as well). There is one solitary "Iosuae" in the 10th century.

In fact, I looked through a number of Wikipedia categories of famous Spanish people, and was shocked to see that the earliest Spanish person I could find (at least among the very incomplete lists on Spanish Wikipedia) named Jesús was not born until 1813, namely José Jesús de la Llave Rabanal. In Mexico, the earliest I can find is José María Jesús Carbajal, b. 1809. It was quite uncommon, particularly as a first name, until the 20th century.

I would speculate that the increase in people named Jesús in the last hundred years has something to do with Franco clamping down on the non-Castilian languages of Spain and their associated distinctive names, restricting naming lists to "Christian Spanish" names; that doesn't really explain Mexico, though. Unfortunately that's all the digging I have time to do at the moment; I will try to do some more later.