I've gone ahead and removed this question, as it is not only ridiculously broad (You're asking for an entire Western Civ course), but also invites trivia to an insane extent. If you're interested about a more specific area, please feel free to ask - however, as is outlined here, if your question can be rephrased as "tell me stuff about [X] throughout history," it does not belong here.

Best of luck, and if you need help rephrasing your question, let me know! One question you might be interested in asking would be regarding the beginning of the modern concept of the nation-state.