What were some of the biggest "conspiracy theories" perpetuated during the Roman Republic/Empire?

by [deleted]

For example, in the modern day there is a lot of controversy over how JFK was assassinated and whether there may have been a cover-up. Even if evidence of a cover-up is slim, there are still a lot of people who believe that there was more foul play involved.

Were there any large conspiracy theories like that, which were believed by a large segment of the Roman population despite lack of evidence to support such theories?

MarcusDohrelius

That Nero started the fire that burned down much Rome. Tacitus is the master of using rumour to bolster an "objective" narrative. Nero famously indicted the Christians. Tacitus is at his best in reporting the rumours surrounging the licentiousness of the court of Nero This passage is from Annals 15.44:

But all human efforts, all the lavish gifts of the emperor, and the propitiations of the gods, did not banish the sinister belief that the conflagration was the result of an order. Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind. Mockery of every sort was added to their deaths. Covered with the skins of beasts, they were torn by dogs and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt, to serve as a nightly illumination, when daylight had expired. Nero offered his gardens for the spectacle, and was exhibiting a show in the circus, while he mingled with the people in the dress of a charioteer or stood aloft on a car. Hence, even for criminals who deserved extreme and exemplary punishment, there arose a feeling of compassion; for it was not, as it seemed, for the public good, but to glut one man's cruelty, that they were being destroyed.

For further on the debauchery and complexity of Nero see Edward Champlin's excellent Nero.