This question is made difficult by the lack of consistency in what "Arab" has signified throughout history. The same can be said for "Turk", as during most of the Ottoman empire "Turk" referred to an Anatolian farmer. But as the article say, Arab identity relies heavily on lingustics. Turkish was never really imposed on those who did not speak it. Ottoman schools in the Levant for example taught in Arabic, and as you may know the Arabic alphabet was the one used. But even among those who speak Arabic, it has not been obvious to identify as "Arab". As recent as one hundred years ago, Arab meant a desert bedouin, someone living outside of "civilized society" (at least in Egyptian context where still today many people identify as Egyptians rather than Arabs)

Furthemore, the Middle East, especially the Levant, most definitely got Hellenized. Just look at the fact that the Hebrew bible had to be translated to Greek by the Jewish diaspora in Alexandria because they no longer spoke Hebrew.

Sources:

Dignas, B. & Winter, E., ”Arabia between the great powers”. In Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity. Neighbours and Rivals, 152-172. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2008.

Freeman, Charles, ”The Hellenistic World”. In Egypt, Greece and Rome. Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean, 333-354. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2004.

Pappé, Ilan. The History of Modern Palestine. Cambridge: Cambride University Press, 2006.

EDIT:

See also:

Haim, Sylvia (ed.). Arab Nationalism. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962.

This anthology includes many discussions on the meaning of "Arab".