Something to note: in the days that Mohammad started, The Arabian world was still Pagan and inside of their faith, the Pagan God Al Lah was the king of the gods.

Mohammad didn't start teaching, at least not right away. he let out only one verse at a time over the course of 20 years or so. Sometimes he would enter a trance and release verses. He said he was often given verses in manners that made no sense, and he had to wait for Al Lah to organize it in a way that made sense. his followers would commit each Surah' to memory and the few literate ones would record them.

in those days, Arabs were convinced the god they worshiped (Al Lah) was the same as the gods of Judaism and Christianity, but there was widespread despair and a feeling of cultural inferiority because they didn't have a prophet of their own. They were also divided into many clans that often had honor killings leading to warring clans. the only place honor killings. the only place honor killings was forbidden was Mecca, but the tribal laws they had that worked to keep their clans alive for so long were now begging to lose meaning.

Mohammad's Surah's were a unifying force in the Arabian world. This was a time when They stopped feeling inferior to other surrounding powers.

so to answer your question, if you lived in mecca, you most likely felt great pride in your faith being affirmed and finally getting a holy book (which the Arabians never had before this point) its also a time when science and philosophy began coming to Mecca, as the Prophet told Muslims to understand Allah's creation leading to the birth of Science in this time period.

Edit: much of this information can be found in "A History of God"