So far as I can tell, the content of an economics undergraduate degree in the west has been fairly stable for several decades or more - a combination of neoclassical economics (Jevons, Walras, Menger) and Keynesian (including Hicks, Philips) macroeconomics, and more recently some criticism of the latter (Friedman). Would an economics education in the USSR have included much the same things, would it have focused on Marxist economics as laid out in Das Kapital, or would it have been something else entirely?
I cant tell you the degree programmes in the USSR but you can look at some of the most famous Russian economists and their research during the period. Probably the best example would be the work of Eugen Slutsky, his work is very important in neoclassical economics (the slutsky identity). So they were clearly able to explore more than just the Marxian/heterodox perspectives (though apparently he did struggle in getting his work out).
Another interesting example would be another famous economist; Nikolai Kondratieff. He was a Marxist and is still being studied in the west! (though not by a huge number) Despite being a Marxist, he ultimately was executed due to disagreeing with the regime over the state's control over the economy (He advocated greater market power).
To sum, it seems that it wouldn't have just been Marxist views but perhaps biased towards it.
I'm not an expert in the field. What I know is Soviet economists were sometimes translated into the language of their "bourgeois" brethren. Conversely Western books deemed useful got translated and published in the USSR.
An obvious example are the "Kondratiev waves". They were first laid out in the Stalin era in an language indebted to Marx. 4 decades later Ernest Mandel, a left-leaning European economist, described them in the jargon of Western economists and the idea caught on. Nowadays you'll find them even in the American studybook by Gregory Mankiw and Mark P. Taylor iirc as "Macro-Cycles".
The less ideologized fields, like Computer Science or Cybernetics, were advanced together in West and in the USSR. Lavrentyev, Anokhin or Rameyev were all translated and printed in the West. Conversely I do have a Guillermo Owen book on the Game Theory printed by "Mir Publishers" back in the 1970s.
You might want to ask this question in /r/communism101, I feel like I remember someone even posting some economics textbooks from that era in there once (or maybe that was /r/communism). It's a pretty slow sub though so I can't guarantee you'll find answers there.