When the Industrial Revolution developed it's wings it was already too late to protest, but introducing mechanical devices in early XIX century meet with resistance that surprised everyone.

Around 1811 England faced an economic crisis caused by Napoleonic Wars- the naval blockade and war expenses caused the rise of the prices of the basic goods. There was also the time the one of the first mechanised devices were introduced on larger scale- namely power looms. Suddenly unemployed weavers formed a movement of "Luddites" or "Machine Breakers"- they attacked new manufactures and destroyed all machinery they could find. Some intellectuals and priests supported them, but the government response was sending soldiers to fight them off and protect the factories. In 1812 Frame Braking Act made destroying looms capital offence. By 1813 most of the Luddite's leaders were arrested and sentenced and the movement mostly died out.

If you are interested I reccomend Writings of the Luddites by Kevin Binfield that provides not only an overview of the movement and it's time, but also analyses it as a cultural phenomena.

In terms of the English labour classes during the Industrial Revolution, the literature of the time is a good indicator of the sociological response to the gradual paradigm shift. Thomas Hardy, in The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), tells the story of a fictional town's move towards machine-assisted corn production. Hardy's novel, which was written several decades after the period in which it was set, indicates that rural communities were both fascinated by, and concerned with, new approaches to agriculture. The novel also has a firm foundation in the accelerating shift towards urbanisation and industrial centres, as wealthier city-dwellers reached into the rural labour and material markets and invariably disrupted rural tradition.

If we take a look at the work of Charles Dickens (for the sake of his national popularity), notably Hard Times (1854), a distinctly vitriolic opinion of industrialism is very prevalent. In Dickens' smog-choked cities, the labour classes are perpetually oppressed and given little room for maneuver - even the 'union' heads depicted in Hard Times are obsequious and apologetic towards their wealthy masters.

The works of William Blake also indicate a cultural resistance to industrialisation and the form of the city.

However, literature is primarily a storytelling medium and cannot be regarded as a sound source. Many other authors have revelled in the catalytic effect of urban industrialism in social and technological innovation.

First post to /r/askhistorians so forgive me if my response is lacking!