Are there any documents such as unedited transcripts of debates, letters or publications from the time that describe the process without reference to the Federalist Papers. What I'm looking for is an understanding that would enable someone to say upon reading the Federalist Papers for the first time, "so this is the propaganda they decided to throw together to sell the damn thing." How would an outside well informed observer or fly on wall as it were regard the Federalist Papers from a disinterested perspective? Maybe some book that surveys the range of interpretations or divergence of opinion among modern historians with respect to the debates would be interesting.
The Avalon Project at Yale is one place where you can find many of primary sources related to the topic you are interested in.
In addition, this website also provides numerous documents.
Lastly, the Liberty Fund also contains numerous sources that touch on the Revolutionary period.
Each site contains a treasure trove of unedited transcribed documents that detail the lead up to the revolution, the formation of the Articles of Confederation, and extend beyond the Constitutional Convention.
Hope this helps.
Pauline Maeir's Ratification is the standard work on the ratification debates, although I think it is important to note that the Federalist papers had practically no influence on the decision to ratify the constitution.
James Madison's notes on the convention are among the most complete. They can be found in many places, including http://teachingamericanhistory.org/convention/debates/
You will have to do your own digging and interpretation, but http://founders.archives.gov has over 120,000 searchable and annotated documents from the founding fathers.
From the website:
Now, for the first time, users can freely access the written record of the original thoughts, ideas, debates, and principles of our democracy. You will be able to search across the records of all six Founders and read first drafts of the Declaration of Independence, the spirited debate over the Constitution and Bill of Rights, and the very beginnings of American law, government, and our national story. You will be able to compare and contrast the thoughts and ideas of these six individuals and their correspondents as they discussed and debated through their letters and documents.
Have you checked out "The Anti-Federalist Papers"? Commentary from the opposition would probably help you view The Federalist papers with a more critical eye.