If you can find it in your native language, I recommend

Soccernomics by Simon Kuper and Stefan Szymanski.

The TL;DR of it is that what makes a football club successful historically is large numbers of people going to watch its games. The gate receipts from weekly league matches outweigh any other factor in financing a good football team over the long run.

The book makes two points about the history of the biggest clubs:

Dictators support capital city teams Between 1956 and 1966, eleven European cups were won by Franco's Real Madrid (6 times) and Salazar's Benfica (twice) with three dictator-capital teams (Real, Benfica, Tito's Partizan Belgrade) making up a total of 13 of the 22 finalists in that period. Ironically, the first European Cup Final not to feature any of those teams was Celtic - Inter Milan in 1967, which was played in ... Salazar's Lisbon.

It's a massive domination and it was made possible not because Franco, Salazar and Tito were bribing referees across Europe or illicitly channeling state or party funds into the teams, but simply because dicatators centralise money, power and influence into their capitals. They build big expensive stadiums to win popularity at home and legitimacy abroad, and people like going to big stadiums, so they spend money going to see the team.

It's not always quite so indirect: in communist countries, the most successful teams were often those associated with the Army such as Kispest-Honved, Spartak Moscow or Sparta Prague, because they had the pick of the fittest young men, and perhaps Dinamo Berlin's decade-long grip on the East German league or Steaua Bucharest's success in Romania may have had a little to do with the fact that Dinamo were run by the head of the Stasi and Steaua by Ceausescu's son. However, you'll notice that "artificial" success like this rarely translates to real success on an international forum.

The Provincial Industrial City One of the first - and worst - big industrial cities in Europe was Manchester. In the mid to late 19th century its population exploded massively and the city became like a black hole, sucking in the rural poor for miles around and crushing them into tiny tenements. With no sense of civic pride for this strange city and very little in common with each other, all these incomers looked around for something to belong to and found football - the newly fashionable game. Not only did they go to games in droves, but "brand loyalty" was created by that sense of belonging which kept them coming back.

The vast majority of the really major football clubs in Europe - Manchester United, Liverpool, Bayern Munich, Barcelona, Inter and AC Milan - are based in these industrial cities. In the case of Bayern and Barcelona, additional "Brand loyalty" is created by those clubs identifying themselves with a strong regional identity.