Also, was there a system of institutionalized prejudice against the Jewish people in any other nations?
This is, of course, a difficult question to answer because of the individual basis of prejudice.
As for institutionalized prejudice, no it most certainly was not. Both the Imperial and the Weimar constitutions made Jews accepted, legally, in Germany. Article III of the Imperial Constitution (Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches) even granted near equal civil status to the Jews in Germany
There is one citizenship for all Germany, and the citizens or subjects of each State of the Confederation shall be treated in every other State thereof as natives, and shall have the right of becoming permanent residents, of carrying on businesses, of filling public offices, and may acquire all civil rights on the same conditions as those born in said States, and shall also the same usage as regards civil prosecution and the prosecution of the laws. No German shall be limited in the exercise of this privilege by the authorities of his native State, or by the authorities of any other of States in the Confederation.
and the Wrimar constituion made specific mention of freedom of religion in Articles 135 and 136:
135: All inhabitants of the Reich shall enjoy complete liberty of belief and conscience...
136:...Civil and political rights and duties shall be neither conditioned upon, nor restricted by, the exercise of religious freedom. The enjoyment of civil and political rights as well as eligibility to public office shall be independent of religious belief. No one shall be compelled to disclose his religious convictions.
So that's covered legally, but I'd kick myself if I didn't take this chance to talk about the Heimat movement in Weimar cinema. I use this as a markerof the escalating antisemitic and xenophobic views. Heimatfilme portray ideal German men with ideal German women in ideal German conditions showing their ideal German spirit against the world or--more often--non-Germans. The easy non-German to pick was the one that was throughout Germany: the Jew. Although assimilated and in government, active in communities, all that lot, the Jew was still seen as an outsider and Andere to the German film making community. This is reflected elsewhere in the cultural sphere of Weimar Germany, but it is clearly seen in film.
Legally, Weimar Germany was not antisemitic. Culturally? Varied person to person, but it was certainly growing again, before coming to a head within the next decade.