What were neutral countries such as Ireland and Spain's opinion on the Second World War?

by EdwinFitzgerald
BZH_JJM

I can only answer for Ireland, but here goes.

Because of Ireland's recent war of independence against Britain, a not insignificant portion of Ireland favored Germany simply because they were fighting Britain. However, Ireland's proximity to Britain and eventually America meant that the Irish government ended up aiding the Allies much more than the Axis. It didn't help that Germany had also bombed various parts of Ireland during 1940 and 1941.

For example, Ireland provided intelligence on U-Boat movements and weather patterns to the Allies. (The weather report that paved the way for D-Day came from County Mayo). Additionally, Ireland was pretty good about returning stranded Allied pilots and sailors who ended up on their shores. In a more civilian area, Ireland sent firefighters and other aid to Belfast when it was bombed extensively.

sinfultrigonometry

Spain is somewhat interesting. Despite Hitler's support to Franco in the Spainish civil war, Franco refused to enter the war on the Axis side. He also refused the German's military access to Spain, frustrating Hitler's desire to capture Gibraltar, an important British outpost in Southern Spain. Franco was most likely hedging bets, ensuring that Spain could still repair relations with the allies, should they win. Portugal also remained neutral, choosing to trade with both sides.

Sweden declared neutral but favoured the allies. Since they didn't have significant military power to oppose Hitler they kept peace, and allowed Germany to move soldiers and supplies across their territory, to Norway (which the Germans had conquered in 1940) and Finland (a tentative ally of Germany). Despite this the Swedes undermined the Axis wherever possible: They passed information on Nazi movements to the Brits, they provided refuge for Norwegian & Danish jews, they trained resistance groups in neighbouring occupied countries and when the allies liberated the rest of Scandinavia they provided access for the allies.

Brickie78

There's a story told in Cornelius Ryan's The Longest Day of an Irish volunteer with the British army (of whom there were more than you might think) raising a toast "to Eamon de Valera, for keeping us out of the war", as his landing craft neared the coast.

tiredstars

This is by no means a topic I know that much about but I can summarise from Ireland Since 1939 by Henry Patterson. Apologies for any mistakes in this - it's late and I've been shifting paragraphs around to try and get it into a logical order.

The Irish government had been pro-appeasement because it knew that war would strain its neutrality. For example, the country had a regular army of just 7,000, and was "almost defenceless". The real defenders of Irish neutrality against any German aggression, as the finance ministry recognised when resisting military spending increases, were the Royal Navy and troops in Northern Ireland. The possibility joining the Allies was a bargaining chip to trade with the UK for the end of partition. Despite considerable support for this - possibly 2/3 in favour - it would likely have split the Fianna Fáil, and was not pursued.

In the North, a significant proportion of nationalists saw Germany as an ally against Britain. The IRA declared war against Britain in 1939, and German intelligence seems to have been trying to develop links. Under emergency powers, the Irish government rounded up and interred a large number of suspects. When the IRA complained - they called de Valera "Judas" - minister Seán MacEntree retorted that "in a continental state such criminals would have a speedy court-martial and an equally expeditious execution."

Guaranteeing Irish neutrality actually brought the intelligence services of Ireland and the UK closer together, as they cooperated to prevent the country being used as a base for IRA attacks. This cooperation formed the basis of a neutrality with "a degree of bias towards the Allies." Help included the exchange of meteorological information; information gathered on German planes, ships and submarines; permission for the overflying of Irish airspace in northern Donegal; close cooperation between military authorities in the North and South. A cabinet minister exclaimed in May 1941 "we could not do more if we were in the war."

However, its important to point out that Irish cooperation with the UK was at its lowest when the chances of German victory were at their highest, and increased once those chances began to recede.

More people from the Republic volunteered for to serve in the British armed forced than from Northern Ireland - 45,000 vs 44,000 - and 120,000 moved to work in the UK. (Those who served in the British military were blacklisted after the war, in a rather shameful affair that has been publicised recently.)

Other people were much more pro-German or anti-British, for example theDundalk Examiner was able to call the Nazis "the natural protector of the Catholic Church" while reports of German atrocities were stopped. The participation of the militantly atheist Soviet Union didn't endear the Allies to many people in Ireland.

A British intelligence estimate (from 1941 I think) was that "the attitude of the average Irishman was 'of indifference to either side, except in so far as the acts of either belligerent might affect his own or Irish interests generally'." One correspondent's assessment of public opinion was "not pro-German 'but by no means enthusiastically pro-British ...the popular view may perhaps be best summed up in the words of one old farmer who on being asked to express his views on the war said "I hope England will be nearly beat."'" (Some serious nested quotes going on there. I hope I did them correctly otherwise the rest of this post will be a quote.)

The Irish in the Republic remained "insularly indifferent to the war and uninformed or incurious about its course", although this assessment could be misleadingly based on a reading of Irish media, when the BBC and American newspapers were widely available in the country. The best summary, at least for the elite, seems to be that there was "a sense of Irish superiority to two sets of morally equivalent belligerents."

freikatalonien

Spain had a fascist government which was alligned with the Axis, who had helped them sending troops and planes during the Spanish Civil War; see Corpo di Truppe Volontaire (Italian Volunteers), Legion Condor (German planes), Viriatos (Portuguese volunteers) and O'Duffy's Irish Brigade (Irishmen). Spanish fascists helped the Axis sending troops to the eastern front (the División Azul, also called Div. 250) and workers for the German industry, which lacked manpower due to men of all ages being drafted for the military. In a meeting in the northern Basque Country, it is said that Hitler offered Franco to return Northern Catalonia and Northern Basque Country if they entered the war, but Franco, after a 3 year civil war which had destroyed much of the country, decided to stay off the war. The SS did have some presence in the spanish state, for instance, they visited Montserrat (a Catalan Christian holy place) to look for the Holy Grail; they also detained and shot the Catalan President Lluís Companys when the civil war was over. A lot of nazis fled to Spain or used it as a stop before retiring in South America after the war.

Also, the Spanish, Catalan and Basque antifascists collaborated with both the Allies and the Kommintern. Catalan separatists, for example, helped the Allies "smuggling" a lot of fallen British pilots back to safety; other antifascists kept the fight against the nazis by collaborating with the French army or guerrilla (the maquis).

SheToldmeShewas18

I can speak for Venezuela during World War II whos remained neutral towards most of the war, only declaring war against Germany 6 months before the war was over.

Venezuela being a oil rich country, it gathered interest from both sides on the war. The axis tried to influence facisming in Venezuela to not only buy its oil, but have an strategic connection to the Americas. Obviously, The United States didn't want that to happen, so both sides continously push Venezuelan government to take their side.

Originally, the Venezuelan government wanted to trade with both factions in order to the maximum economic payoff. However, Venezuelans knew that in order to do that, they would have to nationalize the American oil companies which might lead them into military action by The Americans.

Finally, Venezuela supported the united states, trading oil and resources in exchange of modernizing Venezuela's own military and economic improvement. Some historians argue that Venezuela might have choose to be on the Axis side due to the heavy German influences in the country. However, Venezuelans in general were "bitterly anti-German".

Skittles_87

Bit of a follow up question, didn't Germany send a spy over to Ireland to try and rouse a rabble against the British? From what I remember, most of the common people favoured the Allies and he was handed over to the British government.

Have I made all this up or did it actually happen?