Which one? The Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century was a seriously volatile place — there were two Sultans assassinated in 1807-1808 alone (Selim III and Mustafa IV), Janissary revolts in 1807 and 1826, a war with Russia from 1806-12 and with Britain from 1807-09. Add to that a Serbian uprising/war of independence from 1804-15 and a Greek war of independence from 1821-32, and you've got a pretty complicated situation in the first three decades of the century.
While lots of these problems are interconnected, they also have their own roots, conditions and chronologies. I guess the two big backdrops for the problems I outlined (wars of independence in the empire, and political turmoil in the Sublime Porte) can be grouped into two broad thematic headings:
- imperial reform: the 18th and 19th centuries in the Ottoman empire were heavily characterised by attempts at reform and reactionary backlashes from Ottoman elites trying to protect their positions. So if you take the case of the Janissaries, the context for both major Janissary revolts was the same — attempts at military reform and modernisation which would have sidelined the Janissaries and removed them from their privileged position in Ottoman society. They revolted and assassinated Selim III when he first attempted to create a modern (read: European-style) army, the Nizam-ı Cedid. They mutinied again in 1826 (the 'Auspicious Incident') when Mehmud II finally attempted to disband the Janissary corps and replace it with a modern army. Those kinds of reform programmes caused chaos in the empire.
- geopolitical pressures: the Ottomans occupied a slightly precarious position in the Napoleonic and post-Napoleonic order. The decline of the empire's power, coupled with increasingly assertive neighbours (Russia and Austria-Hungary, with whom the Ottomans repeatedly fought wars in the 17th-19th centuries) and national awakenings in the Balkan territories created a set of running sores for the Sublime Porte. These problems aren't yet exploding in the early 19th century, but the stage is very much being set; you're starting to see the emergence of the 'Sick Man of Europe.'
To answer your question, in a roundabout sort of way, I suspect the revolt you're talking about is one of the Janissary uprisings. A few good sources for late Ottoman history I used while studying:
- Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (2005) — ultimately about the Armenian Genocide, but does a good job of explaining how the Ottomans got to that point. This is a personal recommendation: I was taught by Bloxham at university — he's a top-class historian and an excellent writer.
- Suraiya Faroqhi et al., An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Vol. 2: 1600-1914 (1994).
- Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire 1700-1922 (2000)
- A.L. McFie, The Eastern Question 1774-1923 (1989)
Edit: confused my Mehmuds and my Mustafas.