I can't speak for the military, But the leaders of the soviet union after Stalin (Kruschev through Gorbachev) never seriously entertained the idea of launching a first strike. Stalin believed sincerely that a hot war with the United States was inevitable, and actively prepared for one. After his death in 1953 the Soviet situation changed. Khrushchev (and his successor Brezhnev) had lived through Stalin's purges and the indescribable horror of WW2's eastern front, and they truly believed that the Soviet people deserved peace. Khrushchev used the threat of nuclear weapon as tool of diplomacy, but never seriously entertained the idea of launching a first strike, which would initiate a war he knew the Soviet Union could not win. Khrushchev's nuclear brinkmanship frightinend many western leaders and gave the impression that he wanted to launch a first strike, but the now open soviet archives reveal his true intentions.

Khrushchev successor Brezhnev felt even more strongly about peace than Kru. He had direct combat experience on the eastern front. Brezhnev made the pursuit of Detente his #1 foreign policy goal. He personally desired Detente, and personally negotiated some of the key agreements during the detente period. Brezhnev continued the massive military build up, because he also believed in negotiating from a position of strength, but his foreign policy record is clear. Brezhnev wanted peace.

Brezhnev's successors were even more adamant about their desire for peace. Andropov was a bit of a hardliner, but he died very soon after taking power. After Gorbachev came to power, peace and global integration was the priority of soviet foreign policy, not war. Gorbachev was so commited that he watched the soviet empire dissolve, first the sattelites, then union itself, rather than use force to preserve it.

In conclusion the soviet leadership after stalin very much believed that war with the united states was not inevitable, and that it was a war they could not win in the first place. The now open soviet records reveal quite clearly that peace with the united states (at least regarding open warfare) was a priority of the soviet establishment. This is not to say they did not compete globally with united states, as the cold war was a real phenomenon, but they did not seriously contemplate a first strike

Source Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev - Vladislav M. Zubok

I can't say for certain, but I doubt the First Strike doctrine was very popular among Soviet command. The Soviet nuclear arsenal was not nearly as precise as American ICBMs, and their bomber force would be unlikely to penetrate American air defense to a sufficient extent to cripple land-based silos.

It is important to remember that the First Strike doctrine is based on the ability to eliminate your enemy's nuclear capability, not just rain destruction down on them. Nuclear silos are hardened against everything short of a direct hit, and it takes precise guidance to hit a 30 foot wide concrete tube buried in the ground from the other side of the planet.

First Strike was popular among American commanders because American weapons had the kind of accuracy needed to target Russian silos, and it was assumed the Soviets had the same capability(they didn't, which is why Soviet nukes tended to be larger than their American equivalents-a bigger nuke reduces the need for accuracy when your target is a city.)

Overall, the primary American targets were Russian silos and bombers, while the Russians were primarily targeting American cities for retaliation. That isn't to say the Americans didn't target Russian cities, or the Russians didn't target American missile fields, but they did not occupy the same top billing on target lists.

Plus, when near-undetectable ballistic missile subs are taken into account, the entire doctrine is rendered almost pointless.