As you stand in the middle of the village you've travelled to in 1337 you would see a church there, a church that probably wasn't in the village you left 400 years behind. It's made of stone and not some shed. And you would be able to find the parish priest because now one was actually living there, unmarried and celibate. He speaks Latin but also the vernacular, and you could swear that you understood what he was saying, although not quite - but there are just so many words that are familiar to your modern English ear. You couldn't make head nor tail of what those folks were saying to you in the early 10th c.
This village is on a stream and you walk down to it following a sound that wasn't there before: timbers creak and water splashes. It's a mill, and it's big. You ask what it does, and this one fulls wool. A lot of wool, and it's all destined for the Flemish and the villagers actually know what 'Flemish' means.
From the stream you walk up the hill to take in the view. On cresting it, you see this enormous building of stone: a stone keep. It dominates the landscape. You turn around to take in the landscape, and in the far distance you see another. And another. Those weren't there 400 years ago - stone castles just didn't exist.
If you step outside the village and looked out into the fields, you might see a farmer using a horse collar on his horse. If you do, you are probably in 1337. The Crusades post date 937, so the Arab bloodlines had not entered the thorough breeds of Europe yet. By 1337, the horses were several hands taller. They were strong enough to pull better iron ploughs that cut deeper furrows. This led to an improvement in agricultural productivity. Since 1337 was shortly before the Black Death, there may have fifty percent more people living in a typical English farming village in 1337 compared to 937.
It's also worth noting that the inhabitants of 937, counter-intuitively, would have likely been taller and better fed.
1337 was just a decade before the Black Plague. At this time, England was along with most of the rest of Western Europe at the limits of the land's carrying capacity. Its population was close to 5 million. The inhabitants of 937 might have been less technologically advanced and almost universally illiterate, but with a population of no more than 1 million, they had a lot more land per capita, and consequently more food per capita.
You could cheat and ask for the name of the farm. If they call the farm a tun, it's the Old English period. If they call the farm a ferme, it's the post-Norman period of English.
Nice question OP! What I wonder is in which age you would feel the Viking presence more and in what way.
I'd be more interested in 1347 vs 1355ish -just before and just after the black death. I've read a bit that there were full on socialist uprisings (specifically) and a massive change in the classes and economy (in general) due to the post-death scarcity of labour...
This is a bit of a follow-up question:
Outside of the peripheral (although highly impactful) elements mentioned in previous answers - churches/castles/language - would the day to day life of a farmer have changed at all, not just in the time frame mentioned by OP, but for the 2 millenia before, say, the 16th century? Almost all histories I've read or classes I've taken highlight the impact of inventions & new technology on warfare, art, religion and government/administration, but I rarely hear of anything that would indicate a change in the general day-to-day life of a peasant farmer in, say, the Midlands.
Horse collar and heavy plow
Fireplaces and chimneys
Huge cranes and treadmills
Wheelbarrows
Hourglasses
Distilled spirits instead of just ale or wine
Spurs or longbows if there are military folks around. Arrows with bodkin point for piercing steel
Draw looms used in production (the stereotypical kind from a ren faire)
Rose windows and much more flamboyant use of stained glass with every different color
Emergence of Gothic or Curvilinear architecture for important things as opposed to just Romanesque or "Norman" style