It really depended on where you were and when. Even in modern times there have been areas that could resist taxation with remoteness, despite modern states having considerably more coercive power. In general, however, taxation was collected by local authorities and folded into rent payment. This could be ruinous, or it could be light. Historical sources mention instances of peasant farmers successfully negotiating an advantageous payment, and others being ground down by extraction.

If I could piggyback on this question, how much did peasants, if at all, benefit from the Empire's high levels of economic integration? What do we know about Roman "peasant culture?"

One thing we also have to consider is the significant change from the late Republic to the Imperial Period. Under the Republic, tax collection in the provinces was carried out under contract by tax farmers. They would make a bid to deliver X amount of taxes, and realized profit by collecting more. This was hugely profitable for the Roman State, but incredibly onerous on those being taxed, as year on year you would see your people being wrung dry by a succession of tax farmers trying to realize the most profit they could on their limited contract (tax farming was one of the most lucrative ways for equites to get some serious coin).

The Empire, starting with Augustus, began to change this (although we aren't entirely clear when tax farming was phased out completely) by relying on more comprehensive censuses to allocate tax burdens based on actual wealth. This was intended to be a more sustainable solution to taxation for a working and lasting Empire, not just the imperial territory of a city state. Now, Tiako mentions the 'where and when' part of this. Although, I don't know personally of any source that dictates how often these censuses were taken (the depiction in the Bible is largely fanciful), they were quite large undertakings. These would determine one's tax burden. These systems are often an advantage for the taxed because in between when the census was taken and the point you were paying taxes, theoretically you could have realized a growth in wealth. Imagine if you had to pay income tax rates based on this year's income for the next five or ten years. How much money could you save? However, this could also be very bad. Imagine you had to pay income tax rates based on this year's income but suddenly lost your job. Often special dispensation of tax relief was granted by the Emperor in cases of natural disasters, but if you personally faced a particularly hard year, you would not suddenly see your burden lessen.