I asked a version of this question on WWI AMA but got no answer. Obviously, the outcome of the war was a plethora new national states. Minimally, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Turkey, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Turkey, Armenia (briefly), Georgia (briefly), and Azerbaijan (briefly) emerged during this period and Yugoslavia and Romania expanded to include more co-nationals. Albania and a few other Balkan countries emerged in the period immediately before the war. Ireland appeared shortly after the war, in large part because of ethnic agitation during the war.

However, during the war, was it clear that this is how Europe was going to end up? Was there increasing nationalism among, say, the Hungarians before the Aster Revolution? Or were they rallying around the flag and proudly fighting for King and Kaiser? Was there a sense that "their people" were dying for "someone else's Kaiser"?

I have a sense of what it was in the Ottoman Empire: increasing nationalism for some of the Christian minorities, which was brutally repressed; increasing nationalism for the Arabs, who participated in the famous Arab Revolt; but also increasing Pan-Muslim moves by the government, which tended to favor non-Arab Muslims generally rather than Turks specifically. Do we see similar patterns in other countries? Russians favoring East Slavs while the Baltic states were restless? Austrians favoring Germans and Hungarians while the Slavs were increasingly nationalistic? What about other states with minority populations?

And what about, say, French Jews still reeling from the Dreyfus Affair? Or Scotsman looking across the Irish Sea?

Edit: I'm asking about changes specifically during the war years.