Significant opposition on the basis of religious grounds did take place, but not among Protestants. Christians who made arguments on the basis of religious grounds tended to side with Israel outside of the Catholic Church, or simply ignore the Catholic Church, rather than openly oppose it. The reasoning relates to the idea of the end of days: both Judaism and Christianity (from my understanding) believe that the Jewish return to Israel will herald the coming of the messiah (or the return of Jesus).

Examples of scripture:

“Though it is not known when the Day of Judgment will be, I do tell you that the hour you gather and assemble together you shall be redeemed, as it is said, ‘I will surely gather Jacob, all of you [i.e., when all of you are together]…’ for then immediately ‘their king shall pass before them and G-d at the head of them.’ (Michah 2:12-13).”

The Messiah will gather all Jewish people from the nations and bring them back to the land with great honour "upon horses and in chariots and litters" (Isaiah 66:20).

The Messiah will ensure Israel's safety and prosperity; the land will yield a miraculous increase, "For as the earth brings forth her growth and as the garden causes the things that are sown in it to spring forth, so the Lord God will cause victory and glory to spring forth before all the nations" (Isaiah 61:11).

So you get the idea, insofar as Christian support. That support, especially given during the war when Golda Meir came to the United States to fundraise among American Jews to buy weapons, for example, led to her easily reaching and surpassing her fundraising goals. Of course, Jews played a huge part, but Christians gave their support to the creation of Israel as well.

Christians did not take overmuch trouble with Israel post-creation either, and holy sites were not really disturbed in any case throughout East Jerusalem and Hebron (neither of which were under Israeli control post-1948). If you zoom into this map you'll see the outline of the Green Line touches the western border of the Old City, which is where most of the Christian Holy sites of Jerusalem are located (again, Hebron stayed firmly in Arab control). Instead, to support Israel, organizations like "The American Palestine Committee" and "Christian Council on Palestine" were established with a theme of Christian support.

Even today, evangelical Christians are some of the biggest supporters of Israel. There were fears, however, that Catholics would choose not to support Israel. Protestant evangelicals usually provided support, but during the UN vote on the question of partition Morris writes:

The Zionists faced a major challenge in the twenty-member Latin American bloc, the United Nations' largest, where the anti-Zionist influences of the Catholic Church - the Vatican opposed partition and Jewish statehood...

So yes, there was opposition. It's important to note real fast that the Latin American bloc, besides Cuba (if memory serves) all voted for partition and creation of Israel. On June 22, 1943, the Vatican Secretary of State met with the Apostolic Delegate in Washington and said that Catholics throughout the world "could not but be wounded in their religious pride should Palestine be handed over to the Jews or placed virtually under their control." This argument was made, based on documents seen, in the interests of protecting Catholic interests in Palestine. It was not due to anti-Semitic feeling, nor because Catholics favored Arab control of Palestine. Indeed, that same Vatican Secretary of State met with US President Roosevelt's representative to the Pope and expressed concern over the idea of a pan-Arab league in the Middle East, fearing it too could hurt Christian interests. The Vatican instead hoped that neither Jews nor Arabs, but a third power, would control the Middle East and help ensure that Christian interests were preserved. It's clear the Vatican felt this way, but it refrained from making any public statements on the matter until 1947, attempting to walk a fine line of keeping their reservations to themselves.

Cardinal-Priest Francis Spellman, however, wrote as a result of the proposed partition plan (after the British shoved the matter at the UN in April 1947) that "The Catholic Church strongly opposes any form of partition, primarily on the ground that the whole of the land is sacred to Christ." At this point, the Catholic Church still opposed a Jewish state because it would've meant partition, but still refrained from more public statements that came from official spokespeople, though Catholic communities preferred Arab control to a partition. However, the Vatican eventually decided not to openly oppose partition because it allowed for the internationalization of Jerusalem, at the very least, which is likely what gave the Latin American countries more grounds to vote for partition without angering the Vatican. After the war, continued attempts to internationalize Jerusalem were made by the Vatican, though (as you probably know) none were successful. The Vatican did manage to get a vote through that reaffirmed the UN General Assembly's will to have Jerusalem internationalized, but both Israel and Jordan stiffened on their positions afterwards and refused to budge.

So was there significant opposition among Catholics? Yes and no. By the time the whirlwind of war and action had ended, the Vatican had still held hope that internationalization of Jerusalem might occur, and therefore didn't really oppose the creation of Israel. Of course, diplomatic relations between the Vatican and Israel were not established until 1993. Still, most historians tend to remember Christian support for Israel's creation, while not remembering that the Vatican could've possibly swayed the UN plan towards a heavy failure if it chose to openly oppose partition and Israel's creation, as it tended to in private.

Sources:

Ferrari, S. (1985). The Vatican, Israel and the Jerusalem question (1943-1984). Middle East Journal, 39(2), 316.

Morris, Benny. 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. New Haven: Yale UP, 2008. Print.

Smith, Charles D. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.