Supreme Court decisions sometimes get reversed by later decisions. What decision or decisions have been explicitly reversed (by a later decision rather than legislation or constitutional amendment) the quickest? What drove the about face and was it predicted at the time of the initial decision?
Lawrence v. Texas in 2003 explicitly overturned the 1986 case Bowers v. Hardwick.
Here's a list from the Government Printing Office of SCOTUS decisions later overturned. The entries marked with asterisks represent cases explicitly (rather than substantivelyoverturned by the Court.
So, to answer your question, I think it's probably Rose v. Himeley — decided in 1808, and overruled in Hudson v. Guestier in 1810. I don't know anything about these cases, but here's the immediate context for Rose from Chief Justice John Marshall's opinion:
This is a claim for a cargo of coffee, &c., which, after being shipped from a port in Santo Domingo, in possession of the brigands, was captured by a French privateer and carried into Barracoa, a small port in the Island of Cuba, where it was sold by the captor. The cargo, having been brought by the purchaser into the State of South Carolina, was libeled in the court of admiralty by the original American owner. The purchaser defends his title by a sentence of condemnation pronounced by a tribunal sitting in Santo Domingo, after the property had been libeled in the court of this country and by an order of sale made by a person styling himself delegate of the French government of Santo Domingo at St. Jago de Cuba.
I'll have to defer to more experienced legal historians to provide more information, I'm afraid!