In the late eighteenth century, classical archaeology had begun to develop in an academic context. Following its military defeat by Napoleon in 1806, the north German kingdom of Prussia set out to reform its educational system. The goal was to educate civil servants without exposing them to the revolutionary ideals of the French Enlightenment. German humanists had been inspired by Winckelmann's (German antiquary seen as the founder of classical archaeology) publications to regard the genius, creativity, love of freedom, and sense of beauty of the ancient Greeks as the highest expression of the human spirit (Marchand 1996: 16). A byproduct of this reform was to forget the ancient Greeks' own accounts of their cultural relations with Egypt and the Middle East and to view classical Greece as a self contained culture that expressed the noble spirit of its creators, who in turn were identified as quintessential Europeans or Indo-Europeans (Trigger 2006: 61-65).

The implementation of this reform encouraged an expansion of classical studies, which resulted in classical archaeologists searching for ways to recover information that would corroborate and expand what was known from written records. Excavation techniques began to evolve including detailed stratigraphic studies. This began in Pompeii by Italian Giuseppe Fiorelli and expanded with Austrian excavations on Samothrace and German excavations in Olympia. However, these excavations were generally concerned with recovering information relating to epigraphy, fine arts, architecture, and urban design. In other words classical archaeologists were more concerned with pretty things, which resulted in employment in art history departments and isolation from prehistoric archaeologists (Shanks 1996: 97-99).

The development of prehistoric archaeology occurred in two distinct movements, the first began in the early nineteenth century and the second in the 1850s. The first originated in Scandinavia with the invention of a technique for distinguishing and dating archaeological finds that made possible the comprehensive study of prehistory. The purpose of the movement was to create a national identity for Scandinavian countries, beginning in Denmark (Trigger 2006: 121-123). This development marked the beginning of prehistoric archaeology, which soon was able to take its place alongside classical and other text based archaeologies as a significant component in the study of human development using material culture. The second movement began in France and England, pioneered the study of the Palaeolithic period and added vast, hitherto unimagined, time depth to human history (Trigger 2006: 147).

So to sum up, and hopefully answer your question, a professional classical archaeology began in Germany after Prussia's defeat by Napoleon. They viewed France as the evil Roman Empire and identified themselves as the plucky Greek city states. However, prehistoric archaeology had its origins in Scandinavia and was driven by a growing sense of patriotism in Denmark following the French Revolution.

Sources:

Trigger, B. 2006. A History of Archaeological Thought 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press.

Marchand, S.L. 1996. Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750-1970. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.

Shanks, M. 1996. Classical Archaeology of Greece: Experiences of the Discipline. London, Routledge