By 338 Rome had just emerged victorious from the Latin War. It will be more than a century before they gain control of the Italian peninsula.

Carthage has holdings from the Atlantic to Egypt, also in the Balearic Islands, Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, and Syracuse. In no case does their authority extend very far inland.

There are Greek colonies in southern Italy, eastern Syracuse, coastal Spain and even France.

The rest of Europe is pretty boring: Celts, Iberians, and the cleverly named Celtiberians inhabit Spain, Celtic culture is dominant south of the Rhine to the Alps. Britain didn't have much contact with the continent at this point, though there were periodic Gallic expeditions onto the island. The Illyrian pirates in modern Croatia basically form a proto-Barbary coast. The Sami are still in Scandinavia basically unchanged. The Bosporan Kingdom is in the Crimean Peninsula with Sarmatians to the north and Scythians to the east.

The Berbers in North Africa are a common nuisance for Carthage. The Kingdom of Kush moved its capital to Meroe by the 350s. Nomadic Arabs and Sabaens primarily inhabit the Arabian peninsula with the Sabaens in modern Yemen. The nomadic Bantus in the sub-Sahara are almost to South Africa in their inadvertent expansion of a common language family, culture, and technology.

By 322 BC, Chandragupta Maurya conquered the Nanda Empire of northern India. The Nanda had an army of 200,000 infantry, tens of thousands of cavalry, and thousands of war elephants, so Alexander's men understandably mutinied. Chandragupta then founded that Mauryan Empire at the age of 20.

China is in the midst of the Warring States period with the Xiongnu just sort of lurking ominously in the north.

There are still hunter gatherers in Siberia, Canada, and Brazil. No one lives in New Zealand or Madagascar yet.