In the first fleet (the initial group of convict transports sent out in 1787), there were 543 male convicts, and 189 female convicts.

Not surprisingly, women in the early years of Sydney were regarded as a commodity and their treatments in the male-dominated colony was often less than ideal.

In subsequent fleets, there was a similar ratio, leading to a considerable shortage of women in the colony as time went on and convicts were freed after serving their sentences. (Convicts could return to England after doing their time, but many didn't because 1. their life was better in New South Wales and 2. they had to pay for the return trip)

This gender gap persisted in most of the Australian convict colonies for decades after convict transportation ceased.

I would recommend Anne Summers' Damned Whores and God's Police, Robert Hughes' The Fatal Shore or Sian Rees The Floating Brothel

If you search the Old Bailey records for "transportation" under the advanced search option, it should give you all of the cases where that was the punishment for a crime. Most common is likely to be theft of a high enough amount to be considered Grand Larceny.

The Australian government also has a section about this on their website for an overview.